iwathokn dk ladV vkSj fgUnksLrkuh jkT; dk [krjukd jkLrk ;g fn[kkrk gS fd dE;qfuLVksa }kjk badykc ds fy;s rS;kjh djuk csgn t:jh gS!
ßfgUnksLrkuh jkT; vkSj ØkafrÞ ij] uoacj 2002 esa gqbZ dkuQjsal esa fgUnksLrku dh dE;qfuLV x+nj ikVhZds egklfpodkejsM yky flag }kjk fn;k x;k eq[; Hkk"k.k
iwoZdFku
ßiwathokn dk ladV vkSj fgUnksLrkuh jkT; dk [krjukd jkLrk ;g fn[kkrk gS fd dE;qfuLVksa }kjk badykc ds fy;s rS;kjh djuk csgn t:jh gS!Þ ;g Hkk"k.k fgUnksLrku dh dE;qfuLV x+nj ikVhZ ds egk lfpo] dkejsM yky flag us] dsUnzh; desVh dh vksj ls] uoacj 2002 esa fgUnksLrkuh dE;qfuLVksa dh ,d xks"Bh esa fn;k FkkA fgUnksLrkuh jkT; vkSj badykc ls lacaf/kr eqÌksa ij ppkZ djus ds fy;s cqykbZ xbZ bl xks"Bh ds vk;kstd yksd vkokt+ ifCy'klZ ,aM fMfLVªC;wVlZ FksA etnwj ,drk ygj vkSj ihiYl ok;l ds ys[kdksa] ikBdksa vkSj forjdksa dks lS)kfUrd vkSj fopkj/kkjkRed rkSj ij ySl djuk bl xks"Bh dk eq[; edln FkkA
Hkk"k.k ds ckn rhu fnu rd ppkZ,a pyha] ftuesa vyx&vyx ikfVZ;ksa vkSj nyksa ls] dE;qfuLV vkUnksyu ds dk;ZdrkZvksa us Hkkx fy;kA xks"Bh ds lekIr gksus ij] mlesa Hkkx ysus okyksa us ;g QSlyk fd;k fd dE;qfuLV vkUnksyu ds vUnj lS)kfUrd vkSj fopkj/kkjkRed lokyksa ij ppkZ dks tkjh j[kk tk;sxk rFkk vkSj xgjkbZ rd ys tk;k tk;sxkA lkFk gh lkFk] etnwj oxZ dh jktuhfrd ,drk dh QkSjh leL;k dks gy djus ds fy;s vkil esa ,drk etcwr dh tk,xhA dE;qfuLV vkUnksyu ds vUnj tks [krjukd /kkjk gS] ßde cqjsÞ ljek;nkjksa ds ihNs rFkk fgUnksLrkuh jkT; dh ß/keZ fujis{k cqfu;knksaÞ dh fgQkt+r esa etnwj&fdlku dks ykeca/k djus dh /kkjk] mlds f[kykQ+ la?k"kZ dks vkSj rst+ djus dk Hkh QSlyk fd;k x;kA
bl Hkk"k.k dks laikfnr :i esa izdkf'kr fd;k tk jgk gS] rkfd lHkh fgUnksLrkuh dE;qfuLV bl ij ppkZ dj ldsaA fgUnksLrku dh dE;qfuLV xnj ikVhZ dh dsUnzh; desVh vius lHkh lnL;ksa vkSj leFkZdksa dks vºoku nsrh gS fd bl izdk'ku esa is'k fd;s x;s fopkjksa] rdksZa o urhtksa dk v/;;u vkSj ppkZ djsaA
fgUnksLrkuh jkT; vkSj ØkfUr ij dkuQjsal esa fgUnksLrku dh dE;qfuLV x+nj ikVhZ ds egklfpo] dkejsM yky flag dk eq[; Hkk"k.k] uoacj 2] 2002
lkfFk;ksa]
ns'k ds dksus dksus ls vkSj fons'k ls Hkh vk;s gq;s dE;qfuLV badykfc;ksa dh bl lHkk esa viuh ckr j[krs gq;s eq>s cgqr Q+Ø eglwl gksrk gSA vkidk bl lHkk esa Hkkx ysuk bl ckr dk izrhd gS fd vki esa ;g xgjk fo'okl gS fd fgUnksLrku dks rc rd cpk;k ugha tk ldrk] tc rd badykc ds tfj;s çxfr dk njoktk ugha [kksy fn;k tkrkA fgUnksLrku dks rM+ikus okyh lkjh leL;kvksa dks gy djus dk ,d gh jkLrk] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd badykc] bldh reUuk gh vkt ge lc dks ;gka [khp yk;h gSA
ge vkt ;gka ,sls oDr ij bdës gq;s gSa tc fgUnksLrku ds gqDejku ns'k dks ,d cgqr gh [krjukd fn'kk esa ys tk jgs gSaA vkt oDr dh ;g ekax gS fd ge fgUnksLrkuh dE;qfuLV vkxs vk;sa vkSj ,dtqV gksdj etnwj oxZ dks vxqokbZ nsaA vki lHkh dks eSa c/kkbZ nsrk gwa fd bl csgn t:jr ds le; ij dE;qfuLV vkUnksyu ds lkeus vk;h bl ftEesnkjh dks fuHkkus ds fy;s vki vkxs vk;s gSaA
vki turk ds chp esa ikVÊ dh ykbu ds thrs&tkxrs :i gSa & vki etnwj oxZ vkSj lHkh 'kksf"kr&ihfM+r turk dks loZgkjk badykc ds jkLrs ij ykus ds fy;s mRlkfgr djrs gSa] çpkj djrs gSa] laxfBr djrs gSaA vki etnwj oxZ vkanksyu esa badykch lksp dks ysdj tkrs gSaA vki etnwj ,drk ygj vkSj ihiYl ok;l ds ikBd] ys[kd vkSj forjd gSaA bl v[kckj dks viuk lk/ku cukdj] etnwj oxZ ds tkx:d lnL;ksa dks mudh vxqok ikVÊ ds ;qfuVksa esa ,dtqV vkSj laxfBr fd;k tkrk gSA fgUnksLrkuh jkT; vkSj badykc ds ckjs esa dqN cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ lokyksa ij ppkZ vkSj QSlyk djds gesa viuk fnekx rst+ djuk gksxk] gekjh lksp vkSj dke dh ,drk dks vkSj etcwr djuk gksxkA blls gesa foKku dh rkdr feysxh] gekjk fo'okl vkSj etcwr gksxkA ;s nksuksa phtsa cgqr t:jh gSa rkfd ge oxZ la?k"kZ dks lgh <ax ls vxqokbZ ns ldsaA eSa bl dkUQjsal ds vk;kstd] yksd vkokt ifCy'klZ ,aM fMfLVªC;wVlZ] dks bl lgh le; ij yh xbZ igy ds fy;s c/kkbZ nsrk gwaA
vkt nqfu;k dh gkyr dkQh xaHkhj gSA iwathoknh O;oLFkk xgjs ladV esa gS vkSj vkleku esa tax ds ckny Nk;s gq;s gSaA bu gkyrksa esa] fgUnksLrku ds ljek;nkj cM+s tksf[ke Hkjs jkLrs ij vkxs c<+ jgs gSaA os vejhdh lkezkT;okn vkSj nwljh lkezkT;oknh rkdrksa ds lkFk feytqy dj dke dj jgs gSaA os [kqn nqfu;k esa ,d cM+h lkezkT;oknh rkdr cuuk pkgrs gSa] vkSj vius bl ealwcs dks iwjk djus dh dksf'k'k dj jgs gSaA lkezkT;oknh rkdrsa nqfu;k dks vkil esa fQj ls ckaVus dh lkft'ksa cuk jgh gSaA fgUnksLrkuh ljek;nkj vkSj fgUnksLrkuh jkT; bu lkft'kksa esa bruh cqjh rjg Qals gq;s gSa fd [kkl rkSj ij nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa cM+h [krjukd gkyr iSnk gks xbZ gSA
fgUnksLrku bl ladV ls ckgj fudy ldrk gS] bu [krjksa dks Vkyk tk ldrk gSA bl gkyr ls ge cp ldrs gSa] ysfdu ,d 'krZ ijA ;g 'krZ gS] fd etnwj oxZ dks vkxs vkdj lHkh 'kksf"kr&ihfM+r turk ds la?k"kZ dks vxqokbZ nsuh gksxhA vkt oDr dh t:jr Hkh gS] ekax Hkh] fd ge dE;qfuLV vkxs vk;sa vkSj etnwj oxZ dks vxqokbZ nsa] rkfd lekt ds fgrksa ds f[kykQ tks pkjksa rjQ ls geys fd;s tk jgs gSa] mudk MVdj eqdkcyk djsaA lekt dks ladV ls fudkyus ds fy;s ,d QkSjh dk;ZØe ds bnZ reke 'kksf"kr&ihfM+r yksxksa dks ykeca/k djus esa ge etnwj oxZ dks vxqokbZ nsaA vkt ;g oDr dh ekax gS fd ge etnwj&esgurd'kksa dks badykc vkSj lektokn ds jkLrs ij ys tkus esa vxqokbZ nsaA
bl QkSjh dke dks djus ds fy;s ;g t:jh gS fd dE;qfuLV vkanksyu esa ls mu lkjh /kkjkvksa dks iwjh rjg ckgj fudky fn;k tk;s] tks iwathokn vkSj ljek;nkjksa ds orZeku fgUnksLrkuh jkT; ls le>kSrk djrs gSa vkSj bl rjg loZgkjk badykc dks dke;kc gksus ls jksdrs gSaA ljek;nkjksa dh lksp ds lkFk fdlh Hkh rjg ls le>kSrk djus okyh lHkh /kkjkvksa dks iwjh rjg ihNs NksM+dj gh dE;qfuLV vkanksyu ,dtqV rkdr ds :i esa mHkj dj vkxs vk;sxkA ,slk djds gh dE;qfuLV vkanksyu etnwj oxZ dks vxqokbZ ns ik;sxk vkSj lHkh 'kksf"kr&ihfM+r turk dks vius lkFk tksM+ ldsxkA vc oDr vk x;k gS fd dE;qfuLV vkanksyu esa mu lc dk eq[kkSVk mrkjk tk;s] tks iwathokn esa dqN vPNkbZ ns[krs gSa] tks ljek;nkjksa esa dqN vPNkbZ ns[krs gSa ;k fgUnksLrkuh jkT; esa dqN vPNkbZ ns[krs gSa] vkSj ,slk çpkj djds etnwj&fdlku dks dgrs gSa fd ljek;nkjksa ds ßçxfr'khy fgLlsÞ dk leFkZu djksA
nqfu;k Hkj esa iwathokn dk vkfFkZd ladV vkSj xgjk gksrk tk jgk gSA nqfu;k Hkj esa mRiknu yxHkx LFkfxr gS] D;ksafd foLr`r rkSj ij eanh QSyh gqbZ gSA nqfu;k ds yxHkx lHkh fodflr ns'kksa esa lcls cM+h iwathoknh daifu;ksa ds equkQs cgqr ?kV x;s gSaA fodflr iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa vkS|ksfxd {kerk dk bLrseky ugha gks jgk gS] csjkstxkjh QSyh gqbZ gS vkSj fnu&c&fnu c<+rh tk jgh gSA 1930 ds n'kd dh vkfFkZd eanh ds ckn] bruk Hk;kud vkfFkZd ladV ugha gqvk gS] ftruk vkt 2002 esa 'ks;j cktkjksa ds fxjkoV ls ns[kus esa vkrk gSA dqN blh rjg dh gkyrksa esa gh Qk'khokn iSnk gqvk Fkk vkSj lkezkT;okfn;ksa us 1939 esa nwljk fo'o;q) NsM+k FkkA
tkuk tkrk gS fd vejhdk esa daifu;ksa ds equkQs tgka lu~ 2000 esa 88 vjc Mkyj Fks] rks lu~ 2001 esa 35 vjc Mkyj rd fxj x;s gSaA teZuh ds rhljs uacj ij ekus tkus okys cSad] dkWelZcSad] ds ckjs esa dgk tk jgk gS fd vDrwcj dh 'kq:vkr esa] cl ,d g¶rs ds vanj gh] mldh dher dk ,d&pkSFkkbZ fgLlk ?kV x;kA yk[kksa&yk[kksa etnwjksa vkSj e/;e oxZ ds ifjokjksa dh ftanxh Hkj dh cpr dk iSlk iy Hkj esa xk;c gks x;kA ljek;nkjksa ds vFkZ'kkL=h dg jgs gSa fd vkSj Hkh cqjk gksus okyk gS] iwjs cSad {ks= esa Hkkjh ladV dk Mj gSA
equkQksa esa ;g fxjkoV iwathifr oxZ ds u pkgus ds ckotwn gqvk gSA lkezkT;oknh rkdrsa vkSj btkjsnkj daifu;ka vius fy;s T;knk ls T;knk equkQk nj cuk, j[kus dh pkgs fdruh dksf'k'k dj ysa] ij os iwathokn ds ml fu;e dks ugha jksd ldrs] ftls dkyZ ekDlZ us 150 lky igys le>k;k Fkk] fd iwathoknh equkQs ds vkSlru nj ds fxjus dh ço`fRr gSA iwathoknh /ka/ks dk gj p<+ko igys dh rqyuk esa de vkSj vfuf'pr gksrk gSA gj mrkj igys dh rqyuk esa T;knk dBksj vkSj rckgdkjh gksrk gSA
nqfu;k ds iwathoknh vkfFkZd ladV ds vlj fgUnksLrku esa Hkh fn[k jgs gSaA fiNys nks lkyksa esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh xfr /kheh gks xbZ gSA csjkstxkjh c<+ xbZ gSA dkjksckj can fd;s tk jgs gSa vkSj esgurd'kksa dh jksth&jksVh [krjs esa gSA tc ls fgUnksLrku fo’o O;kikj laxBu ¼WTO½ esa 'kkfey gqvk gS vkSj ?kjsyw cktkj dks vk;kr dh xbZ phtksa ds fy;s [kksy fn;k x;k gS] rc ls fdlku vkSj NksVs mRiknd vf/kd la[;k esa rckg gks jgs gSaA ns'k ds cgqr ls bykdksa esa lw[kk iM+us dh otg ls nsgkrksa esa vkenuh ?kV xbZ gS vkSj vkfFkZd ladV T;knk xgjk gks x;k gSA nsgkrksa esa yksx ;k rks Hkw[ks ej jgs gSa ;k [kqndq'kh dj jgs gSaA nwljh rjQ] fgUnksLrkuh jkT; ds xksnke xsgwa&pkoy ls Hkjiwj gSaA
lkoZtfud daifu;ksa ds futhdj.k ls ,d rjQ rks fgUnksLrku ds lkjs btkjsnkj ?kjkus vkSj cgqjkf"Vªd daifu;ka mRiknu ds bu lk/kuksa dks dkSM+h ds Hkko gfFk;k jgs gSaA nwljh rjQ etnwj cM+h la[;k esa csjkstxkj gks jgs gSa] cM+h raxh eglwl dj jgs gSaA ljek;nkj etnwjksa ds gdksa ij vkSj rsth ls geys djrs tk jgs gSaA ljek;nkj dg jgs gSa fd ,slk djuk t:jh gS rkfd fgUnksLrkuh iwath nqfu;k ds cktkj esa gksM+ yxkus ds dkfcy gksA
tc fd vkSlru equkQk nj ?kV jgk gS] rks iwathoknh btkjsnkj daifu;ka vius T;knk ls T;knk equkQs nj dks cuk;s j[kuk pkgrh gSaaA bu gkykrksa esa] lkezkT;oknh jkT;ksa ds chp vkil dh yM+kbZ vkSj rst gks xbZ gS] bl ckr ij fd nqfu;k ds vyx&vyx ns'kksa ds dPps eky ds lzksrksa] cktkjksa vkSj bykdksa ij dkSu dCtk+ djsxkA blh ykyp ls] nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h&cM+h rkdrsa nqfu;k dks vkil esa fQj ls ckaVus ds fy;s tax NsM+ jgh gSa vkSj NsM+rh vkbZ gSaA vkt ge ns[k jgs gSa fd vejhdh lkezkT;okn Þvkradokn ij taxÞ ds cgkus] bZjkd] mRrjh dksfj;k vkSj nwljs ns'kksa ij geyk djus dh iwjh rS;kjh dj jgk gSA ;g lkQ&lkQ ns[kus esa vkrk gS fd lkezkT;okn] tks iwathokn dk lcls Åapk Lrj gS] mls viuh ftanxh dks vkSj yack [khapus ds fy;s] nwljs ns'kksa ij dCtk djus ds fy;s tax NsM+us dh t:jr gSA
fgUnksLrkuh jkT; nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa lkezkT;okn dk igjsnkj cudj vkxs vk jgk gSA fgUnksLrkuh jkT; ,d tax mdlkus okyh ijek.kq rkdr gS] ftlls gekjs lHkh iM+kSlh ns'kksa ds yksx Mjrs vkSj uQ+jr djrs gSaA fgUnksLrku vkSj vejhdk ds chp QkSth rkyesy vkSj [kqfQ;k lg;ksx c<+rk tk jgk gSA lkFk gh lkFk] dqN [kkl eqn~nksa ij bu nksuksa dk vkilh erHksn Hkh gSA lkFk gh lkFk] fgUnksLrkuh jkT; ;wjksih; la?k] :l] bZjku] bZjkd vkSj nwljs ,f'k;kbZ jkT;ksa ds lkFk Hkh le>kSrs dj jgk gSA fgUnksLrku ds cM+s ljek;nkj] vejhdk dh vxqokbZ esa fd;s tk jgs Þvkradokn ij taxÞ esa cM+s mRlkg ls fgLlk ysuk pkgrs gSaA os vQxkfuLrku ds fQj ls fuekZ.k djus esa] usiky dh turk ds la?k"kksZa dks dqpyus vkfn esa] fgLlk ysus esa cgqr bPNqd gSaA ;s lc n'kkZrs gaS fd fgUnksLrku fdruh [krjukd fn'kk esa tk jgk gSA
etnwj&esgurd'k futhdj.k] mnkjhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.k ds uke ls fd;s tk jgs geyksa dk fojks/k dj jgs gSaaA os vf/kd ls vf/kd la[;k esa la?k"kZ esa dwndj] lM+dksa ij fudy jgs gSaA nqfu;k ds lHkh iwathoknh jkT;ksa esa ljdkjsa ,sls dkuwu ikl dj jgh gSa] ftuls etnwj&esgurd'kksa ds gdksa dks udkjk tk jgk gSA ;g mu ns'kksa esa Hkh gks jgk gS ftUgsa Þlcls yksdrkaf=dÞ jkT; dgk tkrk gSA etnwj&esgurd'k iwathifr;ksa ds bu geyksa dk fojks/k dj jgs gSaA bl fojks/k dks dqpyus vkSj xyr jkLrs ij ys tkus ds fy;s lkezkT;oknh vkSj nqfu;k ds çfrfØ;koknh csgn f?kukSus] e/;dkyhu vkSj ccZj rjhds viuk jgs gSaA fopkj/kkjk] /keZ] tkr] uLy vkfn ds vk/kkj ij O;fDr;ksa vkSj ikfVZ;ksa ij csjgeh ls geyk fd;k tk jgk gSA vius vki dks ÞlH;Þ dgykus okys lektksa esa uLyokn vkSj uLyoknh geys c<+ jgs gSaA [kkl jk"Vªksa vkSj yksxksa dks Þnq"VÞ dgk tk jgk gS] vkSj bls cgkuk cukdj mu ij Øwt+ felkby NksM+k tk jgk gSA
vejhdh lkezkT;okn vkSj nqfu;k ds nwljs lkezkT;oknh fgVyj vkSj eqlksfyuh ds rjhdksa dks vkSj dq'kyrk ls ykxw dj jgs gSaA lkezkT;oknh ehfM;k ds fofHkUu pSuyksa ls >wBk çpkj vkSj >wBh vQokgsa QSykbZ tkrh gSaA nqfu;k ds gj tk;t la?k"kZ dks uLyoknh vkSj lkEçnkf;d jaxksa ls jaxk tk jgk gSA ,f'k;k vkSj lkjh nqfu;k ij viuk jkSc tekus dh vejhdh lkezkT;okn dh dksf'k'kksa dks Þvkradokn ij taxÞ vkSj ÞbLykeh dV~Vjokn ij taxÞ crk;k tk jgk gSA
fgUnksLrku esa Hkh] gqDejku ljek;nkj lkEçnkf;d fgalk vkSj jktdh; vkradokn dk lgkjk ys jgs gSa] ikfdLrku ds f[kykQ+ 'kksohaoknh] lkEçnkf;d çpkj vkSj tax HkM+dkÅ çpkj dj jgs gSaA mudk bjknk gS fd Þnwljs nkSj ds lq/kkjksaÞ ds f[kykQ turk ds la?k"kksZa dks dqpy fn;k tk;s] xqejkg dj fn;k tk;sA dksbZ Hkwy ugha ldrk gS fd cLrhoknh gqDejkuksa us gekjs ns'kHkDrksa vkSj 'kghnksa dks vkradoknh dgdj mUgsa Qkalh ij yVdk;k FkkA Bhd oSls gh fgUnksLrku ds vkt ds gqDejku mu lHkh dks vkradoknh crk jgs gSa] tks vius gdksa dh ekax dj jgs gSa vkSj vius gdksa ds fy;s yM+ jgs gSaA vius gd ekaxus okyksa dks ÞdV~VjoknhÞ] ÞfiNM+kÞ] ÞmxzoknhÞ] ÞvyxkooknhÞ Hkh dgk tk jgk gSA
fgUnksLrku ds cM+s ljek;nkj vius lkezkT;oknh ealwcksa dks iwjk djus ds fy;s fgUnksLrkuh jkT; dks gj rjhds ls vkSj Qk'khoknh cuk jgs gSaA lHkh çdkj ds jktuhfrd çfrokn dks euekuh ls nck;k tkrk gSA gqDejku ftl Hkh laxBu dks pkgs] os mls iksVk ds rgr cSu dj nsrs gSa] vkSj ftl Hkh O;fDr dks pkgs fxj¶rkj dj ysrs gSaA ;g vkt vius vki dks Þnqfu;k dk lcls cM+k yksdra=Þ dgykus okys ns'k esa vke ckr gks xbZ gSA jkT; }kjk lkEçnkf;d fgalk vk;ksftr fd;k tkuk] jktuhfrd dk;ZdrkZvksa dk dRysvke djokuk] ce foLQksV djokuk] nwljs rjhds ls yksxksa ds chp vkrad QSykuk] ;g lc vkt gekjs ns'k esa jkt pykus ds vke rjhds cu x;s gSaA
lkezkT;okfn;ksa vkSj ljek;nkj jkT;ksa dh csgn xqugxkj vkSj Qk'khoknh gjdrksa ij inkZ Mkyus vkSj mUgas lgh Bgjkus ds fy;s ;g dgk tk jgk gS fd ftl Hkh jkT; esa ÞLora= vkSj fu"i{k pqukoÞ djok;s tk;sa] og jkT; lH; vkSj yksdrkaf=d gSA ij lkezkT;okfn;ksa vkSj ljek;nkjksa }kjk vk;ksftr ÞLora= vkSj fu"i{k pqukoÞ dk vlyh yksdra= ls dksbZ eryc ugha gSA ;s pquko rks flQZ ljek;nkjksa ds vkilh erHksnksa dks gy djus vkSj muds nykyksa dks jktxÌh ij fcBkus ds rjhds gh gSaA ysfdu vktdy jktuhfrd ladV bruk xgjk gks x;k gS vkSj ljek;nkjksa ds vkilh erHksn brus rst+ gks x;s gSa] fd gqDejku pqukoksa ds tfj;s Hkh bUgsa gy ugha dj ik jgs gSa] tSls fd mRrj izns'k o d'ehj ds pqukoksa ls ut+j vkrk gSA
ikfdLrku esa vkSj tEew&d'ehj esa vHkh gky esa tks pquko gq;s] muls ruko vkSj tax dk [krjk [kRe ugha gqvk gSA u gh d'ehj dh leL;k dk dksbZ gy gqvk gSA u gh fgUnksLrku vkSj ikfdLrku dh ljdkjksa ds chp] ,d nwljs ds f[kykQ+ lkEçnkf;d vkSj 'kksohaoknh çpkj #dk gSA fgan&ikd lhek ls gkykafd fQj ls QkSt dks gVk;k tk jgk gS] ij ;g flQZ dqN le; ds fy;s gh gSA vlfy;r esa ;gka vejhdh lkezkT;oknh j.kuhfr ds vuqlkj lc dqN fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj fgUnksLrku&ikfdLrku] nksuksa jkT; bl j.kuhfr esa iwjh rjg 'kkfey gSaA
nqfu;k Hkj esa] ljek;nkjh jkT;ksa vkSj mudh cgqikVhZ yksdra= iz.kkyh ij yksxksa dk Hkjkslk dkQh gn rd ?kV x;k gSA lHkh ckrksa ls ;g Li"V gksrk tk jgk gS fd ;s jkT; iwjs lekt ij eqëhHkj 'kks"kdksa dh gqdwer dks Fkksius ds lk/ku ek= gSaA reke tuleqnk; ds vf/kdkjksa ij csjgeh ls geyk fd;k tk jgk gSA lkezkT;okn dk vtsaMk Hkh lkQ ut+j vk jgk gS & Qk'khokn ykxw djuk vkSj nqfu;k dks fQj ls ckaVdj mu ij dCt+k djus ds fy;s tax NsM+ukA
tc&tc ßeqDr ckt+kj lq/kkjksaÞ ds f[kykQ+ turk dk fojks/k c<+rk jgk gS] rc&rc lkezkT;oknh vkSj ljek;nkj ;g nkok djrs gSa fd lq/kkj dk;ZØe ds lkFk ,d ßekuoh; psgjkÞ tksM+uk t:jh gSA tc&tc ßekuoh; psgjkÞ dh pky dk inkZQk'k gksrk jgk gS] bl ij yksxksa dk fo'okl ?kVrk x;k gS] rc ;gh ljek;nkj vkSj lkezkT;oknh mYVk dgus yxrs gSa fd ;g ßekuoh; psgjkÞ gh lkjh vkfFkZd leL;kvksa dh otg gSA os ekax j[krs gSa fd Þekuoh; pssgjsÞ dks [kRe dj nsuk pkfg;sA iwathoknh lq/kkj vkSj cgqikVhZ yksdra=] pkgs ßekuoh; psgjsÞ ds lkFk gks ;k cxSj gks] vkt lkQ&lkQ ;g fn[krk gS fd ;g cM+s btkjsnkj iwathifr;ksa dk] iwjs lekt ij gkoh gksus dk lk/ku gh gSA vkSj ;gh cM+s btkjsnkj iwathifr viuh gqdwer dks dgha cSyV ls Fkksi jgs gSa rks dgha cqysV lsA
1991 esa cgqr 'kksj epk;k x;k Fkk fd vc vkfFkZd fodkl] 'kkfUr vkSj yksdra= dk foLrkj gksxkA ml le; lksfo;r la?k ds iru vkSj fo?kVu ds lkFk 'khr ;q) [kRe gqbZA lHkh ;wjksih; rkdrksa us] lkFk&lkFk vejhdk vkSj dukMk us ;g ,syku dj fn;k Fkk fd lHkh ns'kksa ds yksxksa dks ßeqDr ckt+kj ds lq/kkjksaÞ vkSj ßcgqr lkjh ikfVZ;ksa ds uqek;anksa okys yksdra=Þ dk jkLrk gh viukuk iM+sxkA ;g ,syku fd;k x;k fd vc ßmnkjrk dk ;qxÞ okil vkus okyk gSA ;g dgk x;k fd dE;qfuT+e [kRe gks x;k gSA lkezkT;okfn;ksa us ;g nkok fd;k fd vc iwathokn dh vkilh gksM+ dh rkdrsa lekt dk ladV nwj djsaxh vkSj çxfr dk }kj [kksysaxhA bu lkjs 'kkunkj nkoksa ds fd;s tkus ds ckn] ,d n'kd chr pqdk gS vkSj vkt nqfu;k ds iwathokn dh vlyh lwjr lcds lkeus Li"V gSA vkt ;g Li"V gS fd iwathokn gh ns'k esa Qk'khokn vkSj fons'k esa geys vkSj çfrfØ;koknh tax dh çsjd 'kfDr gSA lkEçnkf;drk] uLyokn] vkradokn] turk dh jksth&jksVh vkSj gdksa ij geys&bu lcds ihNs iwathokn gh gSA
ekDlZokn&ysfuuokn gesa fl[kkrk gS fd lkezkT;okn dk eryc gS nwljs ns'kksa ij dCt+k djus vkSj nqfu;k dks fQj ls ckaVus ds fy;s tax NsM+ukA vejhdh lkezkT;okn ,f'k;k ij dCt+k djus ds fy;s jkSc tekus okyh j.kuhfr viuk jgk gSA mlds rgr og [kqysvke geys Hkh dj jgk gS] xqIr lkft'ksa Hkh] vkSj ß'kkfUr ykusÞ vkSj ß'kkfUr cuk;s j[kusÞ dh gjdrsa Hkh dj jgk gSA ij ;g lc ,d gh edln ds fy;s fd;k tk jgk gS] fd dSls bl bykds ij vejhdh lkezkT;oknh gkoh gks ldsaA bl bykds ds ns'kksa ij dCtk djus] bu ij vius iSj tekus vkSj bUgsa vkil esa ckaVus ds bl lkezkT;oknh [ksy esa dHkh le>kSrs fd;s tk jgs gSa rks dHkh gksM+ yxk;s tk jgs gSaA bl [ksy esa fgUnksLrku vkSj ikfdLrku] nksuksa jkT; iwjk&iwjk 'kkfey gSaA fgUnksLrku vkSj ikfdLrku T;knk ls T;knk gfFk;kjksa ls vius vki dks ySl djrs tk jgs gSaaA ;s 'kkfUr ds fy;s ugha fd;k tk jgk gS] flQZ viuh&viuh j{kk ds fy;s Hkh ugha] cfYd geykoj tax yM+us vkSj lkezkT;oknh gksM+ esa fgLlk ysus ds fy;sA blfy;s pkSdUus jguk cgqr t:jh gSA {k.k Hkj ds fy;s Hkh ;g oge ugha gksuk pkfg;s fd nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds Åij ls tax ds ckny gV x;s gSaA
ekDlZokn&ysfuuokn gesa ;g Hkh fl[kkrk gS fd lkezkT;oknh ljek;nkj Qk'khokn dk jkLrk viukrk gS tc mls viuh gqdwer dks mnkjokn rFkk lks'ky MseksØslh ds tfj;s cjdjkj j[kus esa eqlhcr gksrh gSA og [kqyh o csyxke fgalk ds tfj;s vius vkf/kiR; dks cjdjkj j[kus dk iz;kl djrk gSA og vius fojksf/k;ksa dk neu djus ds fy;s gj ccZj rjhds viukrk gS] tSls uLyokn] lkaiznkf;drk rFkk jktdh; vkradoknA ;gh vkt vejhdk] fczVsu] dukMk] fgUnksLrku rFkk lewps nqfu;k Hkj esa gks jgk gSA
15 vxLr 2002 dks] fgUnksLrku dh vktknh dh 55oha lkyfxjg ij] ç/kku ea=h okti;h us fgUnksLrku dh turk dks vkºoku fn;k fd fgUnksLrkuh jkT; dh ß/keZfujis{k cqfu;knksaÞ dh fgQ+kt+r djsa vkSj ßHkM+dkus dh dksf'k'kksaÞ ds ckotwn ßlgu'khyrkÞ fn[kk;saA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ç/kku ea=h dk dguk Fkk fd xqtjkr ds lkEçnkf;d gR;kdkaM ds f'kdkj cus yksxksa us [kqn gh ßHkM+dkus dh dksf'k'kÞ dh Fkh] fd mudh ;g xyrh Fkh fd os ßHkM+dÞ x;s FksA iz/kkuea=h us fgUnksLrkuh jkT; dk xq.kxku fd;k] fd fgUnksLrkuh jkT; lgu'khyrk fn[kk jgk gS vkSj lPph /keZfujis{krk dh fgQ+kt+r dj jgk gSA ;g ljklj >wB gSA gky esa] 25 vDrwcj dks okti;h th us ?kks"k.kk dh fd xqtjkr esa tks dqN gqvk] og nqckjk ugha gksxkA vizR;{k :i ls iz/kkuea=h ;g eku jgs gSa fd xqtjkr ds ujlagkj dks gqDejku oxZ us] vius jkT; ds tfj;s] vk;ksftr fd;k FkkA
vVy fcgkjh okti;h ,slk djus vkSj dgus okys igyk ç/kku ea=h ugha gSA blls igys Hkh] tc&tc gqDejku vius lkEçnkf;d ikiksa ds fy;s jaxs gkFk idM+s x;s gSa] rc&rc mUgksaus Þlgu'khyrkÞ vkSj Þln~HkkoukÞ dk çpkj fd;k gSA u gh okti;h th igyk ,slk iz/kkuea=h gS ftlus og >wBk oknk fd;k fd Þ,slk nqckjk ugha gksxkÞA tc crkZuoh cLrhokfn;ksa us ns'k ds caVokjs ds le; [kwu&[kjkck djok;k Fkk vkSj ßns'kh lkgcksaÞ us Hkh ml vijk/k esa viuk gkFk ckaVk Fkk] rks tokgjyky usg: us lgu'khyrk vkSj ln~Hkkouk dk çpkj fd;k FkkA usg: us Hkh oknk fd;k Fkk fd ,slk [kwu&[kjkck nqckjk ugha gksxkA bafnjk xka/kh us igys ,ejtSalh dk ,syku fd;k] vius eq[; jktuhfrd foif{k;ksa dks tsy esa can dj fn;k vkSj fQj fgUnksLrku ds lafo/kku ds iwoZdFku esa ß/keZfujis{kÞ 'kCn tksM+ fn;kA bafnjk xka/kh us flD[kksa dks lkEçnkf;d <ax ls rM+ik;k vkSj vkijs'ku CywLVkj ds rgr ve`rlj ds Lo.kZ eafnj ij QkSth geyk djok;kA jktho xka/kh us dkuwuksa dks cny dj lHkh jktuhfrd ikfVZ;ksa ds fy;s ;g ykft+eh cuk fn;k fd os fgUnksLrkuh jkT; dh ß/keZfujis{k cqfu;knksaÞ dh fgQ+kt+r djus dh dle [kk;saA vkSj ;g rc fd;k x;k tc blls Bhd igys] uoacj 1984 esa] jktho xka/kh vkSj dkaaxzsl ikVhZ us flD[k /keZ ds yksxksa dk Hk;kud dRysvke djok;k Fkk vkSj fQj ßfgUnw] fganh] fgUnksLrkuÞ ds ukjs ds lkFk pquko thrk FkkA fnlacj 1992 esa ujflag jko ljdkj vkSj eq[; foi{k dh ikVhZ Hkktik dh feyhHkxr ds lkFk] ckcjh efLtn rksM+k x;k vkSj cM+s iSekus ij lkEiznkf;d dRysvke djok;k x;k FkkA
vxj ge fgUnksLrku ds etnwj&esgurd'kksa ds fiNys 55 lkyksa ds iwjs vuqHko dks /;ku ls ns[ksa] rks ;g lkQ fn[krk gS fd lkEçnkf;drk vkSj /keZfujis{krk ,d gh ßckaVks vkSj jkt djksÞ dh j.kuhfr ds nks vyx psgjs gSaA ;g Hkh lkQ fn[krk gS fd vkt turk dks ckaVdj jkt djus dh fgUnksLrkuh ljek;nkjksa dh bl j.kuhfr ds nks gFkdaMs dkaxzsl ikVhZ vkSj Hkktik gSaaA
Hkktik vkSj dkaxzsl ikVhZ fgUnksLrkuh ljek;nkjksa dh nks eq[; ikfVZ;ka gSaA bUgsa cM+s ljek;nkjksa vkSj nqfu;k ds lcls cM+s lkezkT;okfn;ksa ls /ku vkSj leFkZu feyrk gSA ;s nksuksa vkil esa gksM+ yxk jgh gSa fd dkSu fgUnksLrku ds ljek;nkjksa ds ßeqDr ckt+kj lq/kkjksaÞ vkSj lkezkT;oknh ealwcksa dh T;knk vPNh rjg ns[kjs[k djsxhA ;s nksuksa vius&vius oksV cSad c<+kus ds fy;s lkEçnkf;drk vkSj lkEçnkf;d fgalk dk bLrseky djrh gSaA ;s nksuksa 'kksf"kr&ihfM+r turk ds la?k"kksZa dks [kwu esa cgkus ds fy;s jktdh; vkradokn dk bLrseky djrh gSaA vkSj ;s nksuksa gh /keZfujis{krk ds eap dk Hkh bLrseky djrh gSa vkSj ;g çpkj djrh gSa fd flQZ fgUnksLrkuh jkT; gh ßlkEçnkf;d ln~HkkoukÞ cuk;s j[k ldrk gS] tSlk fd okti;h us bl lky 15 vxLr dks fd;kA
Hkktik dkaxzsl ikVhZ dh vkykspuk djrh gS] dgrh gS fd og /keZfujis{krk ds uke ij ßvYila[;dksa dks [kq'kÞ dj jgh gSA dkaxzsl ikVhZ Hkktik dh vkykspuk djrh gS] dgrh gS fd og /keZfujis{krk ds vlwyksa dk guu~ dj jgh gS vkSj fgUnksLrkuh jkT; dh ß/keZfujis{k cqfu;knksaÞ dks u"V dj jgh gSA ij tks Hkh lÙkk esa cSBrh gS] ogh lkEçnkf;drk vkSj xqaMkxnÊ iwjs jkT; ra= esa] rFkk iqfyl vkSj v/kZlSfud cyksa esa] ?kksy nsrh gSA lÙkk esa cSBdj bUgksaus u tkus fdruh ckj iqfyl vkSj v/kZlSfud cyksa dks lkEçnkf;d [kwu&[kjkck djokus dk vkns'k fn;k gS] uoacj 1984 esa] fnlacj 1992&tuojh 1993 esa] ekpZ 2002 esa] vkfnA vkSj gjsd Hk;kud gR;kdkaM djokus ds ckn] bu nksuksa us ßlgu'khyrkÞ vkSj ßlkEçnkf;d ln~HkkoukÞ dk çpkj fd;k gSA
lHkh rF;ksa ls ;gh fudyrk gS fd lkEçnkf;drk vkSj lkEçnkf;d fgalk fgUnksLrkuh ljek;nkjksa }kjk iwjs lekt ij fd;s tk jgs geyksa dk ,d fgLlk gSA ;gh fn[krk gS fd fgUnksLrkuh jkT;] mldk lafo/kku] mldh vusd ikfVZ;ksa ds uqek;anksa okys yksdra= dh jktuhfrd izfØ;k] mldh vQlj'kkgh] QkSt vkSj iqfyl iwjh rjg lkEçnkf;d gSA ysfdu fgUnksLrku ds dE;qfuLV vkUnksyu esa ,d cM+k lk ny gS tks etnwj&fdlku dks bl urhts ij igqapus ls jksd jgk gSA
dE;qfuLV vkanksyu ds vanj ,sls yksx gSa tks] tc Hkh lkaiznkf;d dRysvke gksrk gS] fgUnksLrkuh jkT; dks funkZs"k Bgjkrs gSaA ,sls dE;qfuLV leL;k ds fy;s bl ;k ml ikVhZ dks nks"kh Bgjkrs gSaA ,slk dgus okyksa ds vuqlkj] fgUnksLrkuh jkT; esa dksbZ cqjkbZ ugha gSA ;kfu ftl iwathoknh O;oLFkk dh ;g jkT; fgQ+kt+r djrk gS] vkSj ftu pqukoh rFkk neudkjh rjhdksa ls mldh fgQkt+r djrk gS] muesa dksbZ cqjkbZ ugha gSA bu yksxksa ds vuqlkj] bl le; cqjkbZ cl bruh gh gS fd Hkktik tSlh ßlkEçnkf;d&Qk'khoknhÞ ikVhZ dsUnzh; ljdkj dks pyk jgh gSA ,sls dE;qfuLV etnwjksa&fdlkuksa ls ;g Hkh dgrs gSa fd bu ßlkEçnkf;d&Qk'khoknhÞ rkdrksa ls ekStwns fgUnksLrkuh jkT; dks cpkuk pkfg;sA
mudk ;g dguk gS fd Hkktik dh rqyuk esa dkaxzsl ikVhZ ßde cqjhÞ gSA leL;k dks gy djus dk mudk çLrko ;g gS fd ßlkEçnkf;d&Qk'khoknhÞ Hkktik&ekspsZ dks cnydj ß/keZfujis{kÞ dkaxzsl&ekspsZ dks ;k fdlh vkSj xSj&Hkktik ekspsZ dks lÙkk esa yk;k tk;sA ijUrq 1947 ls vkt rd] fgUnksLrku ds etnwj&fdlku dk vuqHko ;gh fn[kkrk gS fd lÙkk esa cSBs nyksa ds psgjs cs'kd cny Hkh tk;sa] ij lkEçnkf;d fgalk dh leL;k] tkfroknh HksnHkko dh leL;k] vkSj balku dk vR;kpkj o csbT+t+rh djus okys nwljs dkjukes ugha #ds gSaA
ßde cqjkbZÞ dks pquus ds jkLrs dh fgek;r djus okys ,sls dE;qfuLV etnwj&fdlku ij ljek;nkjksa dh lksp dks Fkksiuk pkgrs gSaA ljek;nkj ;g lksp QSyk jgs gSa fd etnwj&fdlku [kqn viuh gqdwer u rks cuk ldrs gSa u gh pyk ldrs gSaA ij loky ;g gS fd etnwj&fdlku flQZ vyx&vyx cqjkb;ksa ds chp pquus rd gh lhfer D;ksa jgsa\ ge etnwj&fdlku laxfBr gksdj bl cqjkbZ dks] ljek;nkjksa dh gqdwer dks D;ksa u [kRe dj Mkysa\ loZgkjk Økafr ds tfj;s gekjh [kqn dh gqdwer] ;kfu etnwjksa vkSj fdlkuksa dk yksd'kkgh vf/kuk;dRo LFkkfir djus ds fy;s D;ksa u ge dke djsa\ etnwj vkanksyu ds lkeus vkt ;gh Toyar loky gSA
vDrwcj 1998 esa viuh ikVhZ] fgUnksLrku dh dE;qfuLV x+nj ikVhZ dh nwljh dkaxzsl gqbZ FkhA mlesa ge bl le> ij igqaps Fks fd fgUnksLrku vkSj nqfu;k ds gkykrksa dks ns[kdj ,slk yxrk gS fd vkxs cM+h&cM+h rwQkusa vkus okyh gSaA ysfuuokn gesa ;g fl[kkrk gS fd ;g lkezkT;okn vkSj loZgkjk badykc dk ;qx gSA badykc dk ihNs gVuk dqN FkksM+s le; dh gh ckr gS D;ksafd bfrgkl gekjs i{k esa gSA bfrgkl etnwj oxZ vkSj badykc ds i{k esa gSA bl le; ;g lkQ ut+j vk jgk gS fd nqfu;k Hkj esa lHkh eq[; varfoZjks/k rst gks jgs gSaA blls yxrk gS fd ,d rwQku fQj ls vkus okyh gSA exj ysfuuokn gesa ;g Hkh fl[kkrk gS fd rwQku] cs'kd og fdruk gh badykch D;ksa u gks] mlls badykc dh thr gks Hkh ldrh gS vkSj ugha HkhA badykc dh thr etnwj oxZ vkSj mldh vxqok ikVhZ dh tkx#drk vkSj rS;kjh ij fuHkZj gSA
fgUnksLrku esa nlksa>kjksa etnwj vc le>us yxs gSa fd tgka rd iwathokn vkSj iwathoknh lq/kkjksa ds f[kykQ+ la?k"kZ djus dk loky gS] mlesa oksV Mkyus dk gd fdlh dke dk ugha gSA futhdj.k ds f[kykQ+ vkSj etnwjksa ds gdksa dh fgQ+kt+r esa etnwjksa dh ,drk cgqr c<+ xbZ gSA vyx&vyx ikfVZ;ksa dks ekuus okys etnwj ,d lkFk feydj yM+ jgs gSaA reke fdlku vkSj fdlku laxBu fons'kh iwath ds izos'k vkSj MCY;wÛVhÛvksÛ ds nckoksa ds f[kykQ+ vkokt mBk jgs gSaA bl vof/k ds nkSjku] tks rhuksa eq[; lalnh; xBca/ku lÙkk esa jgs gSa&Hkktik ekspkZ] dkaxzsl ekspkZ vkSj rhljk ekspkZ&bu rhuksa ds lkFk turk dk tks vuqHko jgk gS] bl vuqHko ls ;g Li"V gqvk gS fd bu rhuksa ds ihNs ljek;nkj oxZ dk gh fgr gS vkSj bu rhuksa dk ,d gh dk;ZØe gS] fd dSls cM+s ljek;nkjksa dks vkSj vehj cuk;k tk;sA
xqtjkr esa gqDejkuksa }kjk tks Hk;kud lkEçnkf;d dRysvke vk;ksftr djok;k x;k] mlds ckn lekt ds lHkh rcdksa ds yksx vc lkQ&lkQ le> jgs gSa fd fgUnksLrkuh jkT; turk dks lqj{kk fnykus ds ctk;] [kqn gh turk dh ftanxh vkSj lekt dh lqj{kk ds fy;s lcls cM+k [krjk cu x;k gSA yksxksa dks muds gd fnykus ds ctk;] ;g jkT; [kqn yksxksa ds gdksa dk guu~ djrk gS vkSj dkfryksa vkSj xqugxkjksa dks j{kk nsrk gSA
fgUnksLrkuh etnwj oxZ la?k"kZ dj jgk gS vkSj lHkh yM+kdw rkdrksa ds lkFk ,drk cukus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gSA viuh ftanxh ds vuqHkoksa ls gh etnwj oxZ dh tkx#drk c<+ jgh gSA ijUrq mls lgh urhts ij igqapus vkSj vius oxZ ds y{;ksa ds [kkfrj yM+us ds fy;s laxfBr gksus ls jksdk tk jgk gSA etnwj oxZ dks [kqn ,d vktkn jktuhfrd cy crkSj mHkjus ls jksdk tk jgk gSA mls jksdus okys dE;qfuLV vkUnksyu ds vanj os ny gSa tks dgrs gSa fd bl le; QkSjh la?k"kZ ß/keZfujis{krk vkSj lkEçnkf;drkÞ ds chp gS] fd fgUnksLrkuh jkT; dh ß/keZfujis{k cqfu;knksaÞ dh fgQkt+r djuh pkfg;sA
vxj fgUnksLrkuh jkT; dh cqfu;kn lkEçnkf;d ugha gS rks ckj&ckj lkEçnkf;d fgalk D;ksa gksrh gS\ D;k fgUnksLrkuh yksx lkEçnkf;d vkSj fiNMs+ gSa\ vxj ;g dgk tkrk gS fd fgUnksLrkuh jkT; /keZfujis{k vkSj lkEçnkf;drk fojks/kh gS rks ge blh urhts ij igqapsaxs fd yksx fiNM+s lksp ds gSa] /keZ ds vk/kkj ij caVs gq;s gSaA fQj gesa ;g dguk gksxk fd ß'kkfUr vkSj lkEçnkf;d ln~HkkoukÞ dk;e djus ds fy;s fgUnksLrkuh jkT; ij fuHkZj gksuk gksxkA bl rjg dk rdZ is'k djds ,sls dE;qfuLV] tks dgrs gSa fd fgUnksLrkuh jkT; dh /keZfujis{k cqfu;knksa dh fgQ+kt+r djuh pkfg;s] os mlh >wB dks nksgjk jgs gSa tks fgUnksLrku ds cLrhoknh gkfdeksa us QSyk;k FkkA os mlh >wB dks nksgjk jgs gSa] ftls xn~nkj ljek;nkj oxZ brus lkyksa ls QSyk jgk gSA
etnwj oxZ vkUnksyu dh detksjh vkSj mlesa caVokjs dh otg ls nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa Qk'khokn vkSj tax dk [krjk c<+ jgk gSA blfy;s ;g csgn t:jh gks x;k gS fd fgUnksLrku ds dE;qfuLV /keZfujis{krk vkSj lkEçnkf;drk ds ckjs esa] mudh 'kq#vkr vkSj vlyh lzksr ds ckjs esa tks xyr lksp QSyk;s tk jgs gSa] mUgsa nwj djsaA ß/keZfujis{krk vkSj lkEçnkf;drk ds chp eq[; la?k"kZÞ bl ykbu ds vlj dk MVdj eqdkcyk djuk vkSj mls gjkuk csgn t:jh cu x;k gS rkfd etnwj oxZ viuh Økafrdkjh Hkwfedk dks vnk dj ldrk gSA
/keZfujis{khdj.k dk eryc gS lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd ekeyksa ls /keZ dh ç/kkurk ds vlj dks Øe&Øe ls nwj djukA gekjs lekt esa /keZ dh ç/kkurk ds f[kykQ] fiNM+s fjoktksa vkSj dêj czkºe.koknh tkfr çFkk ds f[kykQ la?k"kZ dk yack bfrgkl jgk gSA 15oha vkSj 16oha lfn;ksa esa gq;h HkfDr ygj vkSj lwQh ygj ds vuqHko Hkh blesa 'kkfey gSaA gkykafd muds fopkj lrgh rkSj ij /kkfeZd fn[krs Fks] ijUrq mudk van:uh lkj ;gh Fkk fd gjsd O;fDr dks vius tehj ds vuqlkj pyus dk vf/kdkj gksuk pkfg;sA fd czkºe.kokn] eqYykgokn ;k fdlh çdkj ds /kkfeZd dêjokn dh ç/kkurk ugha gksuh pkfg;sA
gekjs lekt ds fodkl esa dkQh igys ls gh ;g jktuhfrd fl)kUr LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk fd jkT; dk QtZ gS lekt ds lHkh lnL;ksa dks lq[k vkSj j{kk fnykuk] rHkh ml jkT; dk vf/kdkj ekuk tk;sxkA ij tc tkfr çFkk dks lekt esa LFkkfir dj fn;k x;k vkSj ;g çFkk lekt esa oxZ HksnHkko cjdjkj j[kus dk vk/kkj cu xbZ] rc lq[k vkSj j{kk dh ifjHkk"kk gh cny xbZA rFkkdfFkr fuEu tkfr ds ifjokj esa tUe fy;s O;fDr ds fy;s lq[k dk eryc cuk flQZ vius tkr ds dke dks djus dk ekSdkA tc rd mls rFkkdfFkr Åaps tkr ds yksxksa dh lsok djus dk ekSdk feyrk] mls lq[kh ekuk tkrkA lekt esa tkfr çFkk dks cuk;s j[kuk jkT; dk eq[; dke cu x;kA ;kfu] lekt nks fgLlksa esa caV x;k] ,d fgLls esa os yksx ftuds lkjs vf/kdkj Fks] vkSj nwljs fgLls esa os yksx ftuds flQZ QtZ Fks ij dksbZ vf/kdkj ughaA ,slh O;oLFkk] ftlesa balkuksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks udkjk tkrk Fkk] ftlesa gjsd O;fDr ds vius t+ehj ds vuqlkj pyus dk vf/kdkj udkjk tkrk Fkk] ,slh O;oLFkk ds f[kykQ HkDrksa vkSj lwfQ;ksa us cxk+or dh FkhA
18oha vkSj 19oha lnh esa ;wjksi esa lekt ds /keZfujis{khdj.k dk tks la?k"kZ pyk Fkk] mldh vxqokbZ ljek;nkj oxZ us dh FkhA ml le; ljek;nkj oxZ ,d çxfr'khy oxZ Fkk] tks lkearoknh vkSj /kkfeZd ç/kkurk ds f[kykQ yM+ jgk FkkA ml le; dh çxfr'khy rkdrksa us jkT; ds ekeyksa ls /keZ vkSj ppZ dh ç/kkurk vkSj vlj dks nwj djus ds fy;s la?k"kZ fd;k FkkA mUgksaus ;g ekax dh Fkh fd lekt esa dkuwu cukus dk vk/kkj Kku vkSj foKku gksuk pkfg;sA og la?k"kZ lkearoknh iz/kkurk ds f[kykQ+ lkekftd ØkfUr dh fopkj/kkjkRed >yd FkkA tSlk fd ekDlZ vkSj ,axsYl us le>k;k gS ß18oha lnh esa Ýkalhlh Kku izkfIr] [kkl rkSj ij Ýkalhlh HkkSfrdokn] flQZ ekStwns jktuhfrd laLFkkuksa vkSj ekStwns /keZ vkSj /kkfeZd lksp ds f[kykQ+ la?k"kZ gh ugha Fkk] cfYd 17oha lnh dh vHkkSfrdrk vkSj lHkh vHkkSfrdrk ds f[kykQ [kqysvke la?k"kZ Hkh FkkAÞ ¼n gksyh QSfeyh½
ijarq ljek;nkj ;wjksi esa Hkh T;knk nsj rd çxfr'khy ugha jgs] vkSj cfLr;ksa esa rks fcYdqy gh ughaA 1825 ls 'kq: gksdj] tc iwathokn vR;f/kd mRiknu ds ladV esa Qalk] rks /keZfujis{khdj.k ds vkanksyu ls tks çxfr'khy fopkj fudys Fks] mUgsa ljek;nkjksa us /keZfujis{krk ds QylQs esa cny fn;kA /keZfujis{krk dk ;g QylQk jktuhfr esa mnkjokn vkSj /keZ esa çksVsLVsaVokn ds lkFk&lkFk pykA vkSj tc 19oha lnh ds var esa iwathokn fodflr gksdj viuk lcls Åapk :Ik] lkezkT;okn cu x;k] rks ljek;nkj ;g ,syku djus yxs fd /keZ jkT; dk QtZ cu x;k gSA
17oha lnh esa] baXySaM esa tc O;kikfj;ksa vkSj mRikndksa rFkk cM+s tehUnkj ?kjkuksa ds chp le>kSrk gqvk Fkk] ml le; ds vaxzst ljek;nkj ds ckjs esa dkÛ ,axsYl us ;g fy[kk fd% ßog [kqn /kkfeZd FkkA mldk /keZ gh mldk ekinaM Fkk ftlds vuqlkj mlus jktk vkSj tehUnkj ds f[kykQ+ la?k"kZ fd;k FkkA mls le>us esa nsj ugha yxh fd dSls bl /keZ dk bLrseky djds og vius uhps ds yksxksa dks nck ldrk gSA vkSj Hkxoku }kjk fcBk;s x;s ekfydksa dk xqyke cuk ldrk gS ;kfu] vaxzst ljek;nkj dks vc ßuhp yksxksaÞ] jk"Vª ds fo'kky mRiknd tuleqnk;] dks nckus dk dke djuk iM+k] vkSj ,slk djus esa ,d gFkdaMk /keZ dk vlj FkkAÞ ¼lks'kfyT+e ;wVksfi;u ,aM lk;afVfQd½A
crkZuoh cLrhokfn;ksa us fgUnksLrku ij viuh gqdwer clkus ds fy;s] ;gka tks Hkh dqN çxfr'khy Fkk] mls dqpy fn;kA crkZuoh cLrhokfn;ksa us lekt dh lcls fiNM+h rkdrksa ds lkFk xys feyk fy;k vkSj Kku çkIr djus ds lkjs jkLrs can dj fn;sA crkZufo;ksa us tsaVw dksM dks ykxw fd;k] ftlds rgr f?kukouh tkfr çFkk vkSj mu lkjs fiNM+s fjoktksa dks lekt esa oS/kkfudrk nh xbZ] ftuds f[kykQ yksx yM+ jgs FksA felky ds rkSj ij] tsaVw dksM us lfr çFkk dks mfpr Bgjk;kA tsaVw dksM esa dgk x;k fd Þ;g vkSsjr ds fy;s mfpr gS fd og vius ifr dh ekSr ds ckn vkx esa mlds 'ko ds lkFk [kqn Hkh ty tk;sA tks vkSjr [kqn bl rjg ty tkrh gS] og lkSHkkX; ls 3 djksM+ 50 yk[k lkyksa rd LoxZ esa vius ifr ds lkFk jgsxhÞA ;g lc ÞLons'kh fjoktksaÞ dks ÞcnkZ'r djusÞ ds cgkus fd;k x;kA
1857 esa vktknh ds igys tax esa bl miegk}hi ds yksxksa dh lcls vPNh ijaijk;sa ns[kus esa vk;haA ns'k Hkj ls yksx] lHkh /keksZa ds yksx feydj ,d y{; ds fy;s yM+s] cLrhoknh gqdwer ls iwjh rjg vktkn gksus ds fy;s yM+sA og iwjh tuleqnk; dh cxk+or Fkh] ftlus cLrhoknh gqdwer dh uhao dks fgyk fn;kA
crkZuoh cLrhoknh ljek;nkjksa us viuh vxqok QkSth rkdr dk bLrseky djds cM+h csgjeh ls turk dh bl cxk+or dks dqpy fn;kA mlds ckn crkZuoh cLrhoknh ljek;nkjksa us cM+s lqfu;ksftr <ax ls lkaçnkf;d caVokjs vkSj lkaçnkf;d fgalk dks ;gka ds lekt esa LFkkfir dj fn;kA fgUnksLrku ij tks cLrhoknh gqdwer dk;e dh xbZ Fkh] mldh cqfu;kn ;gh FkhA cLrhoknh jkT; us rjg&rjg ds lkaçnkf;d nyksa o usrkvksa dks iwjh j{kk vkSj leFkZu fn;kA bl ;k ml /keZ ds f[kykQ viuk tgj mxyus vkSj uQ+jr QSykus dh mUgsa iwjh NwV nhA cLrhoknh jkT; dh iqfyl dk vQokg QSykus vkSj lkaçnkf;d fgalk vk;ksftr djus esa lh/kk gkFk FkkA ij lkFk gh lkFk] ,slk fn[kkok fd;k x;k tSls fd fgUnksLrku esa lkaçnkf;d ln~Hkkouk cuk;s j[kus vkSj /keZfujis{krk dh fgQk+tr djus ds fy;s cLrhoknh jkT; dh t:jr gSA bl rjg] crkZuoh cLrhokfn;ksa us vyx&vyx rjhdksa ls geyk djds gekjh turk dks xqyke cuk;s j[kkA
crkZuoh cLrhokn us ;g >wBh lksp QSykbZ fd fgUnksLrku esa dksbZ jk"Vª ;k jk"Vªh;rk;sa ugha gSa] flQZ /kkfeZd lEçnk; gSaA fgUnksLrku dh turk dks crkZuoh cLrhoknh gqDejkuksa dh euðZ ls ÞfgUnw cgqla[;kÞ vkSj dbZ /kkfeZd vYila[;dksa esa ckaV fn;k x;kA bu /kkfeZd vYila[;dksa esa eqlyeku] fl[k] bZlkbZ] vkfn dks 'kkfey fd;k x;kA ;g crk;k x;k fd yksx fiNM+s gSa] ,d nwljs dk dRy djrs jgrs gSa] fd ;s Þns'khÞ yksx rHkh 'kkafr ls jg ldrs gSa vxj vaxzsth f'k{kk ik;s gq;s mnkjoknh yksx mu ij jkt djrs gSa] vkSj lkEçnkf;d ln~Hkkouk cuk;s j[krs gSa vkSj Þlgu'khyrkÞ dk çpkj djrs gSaA ;kfu] fiNM+s] lkEçnkf;d rkSj ij caVs gq;s fgUnksLrku esa dkuwu&O;oLFkk cuk, j[kuk Þxksjs peM+s okys vkneh dk cks>Þ gSA bl bjkns vkSj bl dk;ZØe ds lkFk] crkZuoh cLrhokfn;ksa us /keZfujis{krk dk ea= tirs&tirs] lkEçnkf;d fgalk vk;ksftr fd;k vkSj bl miegk}hi ds yksxksa dks xqyke cuk;kA
crkZuoh cLrhokfn;ksa us fgUnksLrkuh jkT; dh uhao Mkyh FkhA 1947 esa tc fgUnksLrku ds ljek;nkj lRrk esa vk;s] rks mUgksaus bl uhao dks cjdjkj j[kkA ;s uhao lkEçnkf;d FksA 'kq: esa gh ;g ifjHkk"kk nh xbZ Fkh fd fgUnksLrkuh tuleqnk; cgqla[;k vkSj vYila[;k ds /kkfeZd lEçnk;ksa dk cuk gqvk gSA 1950 esa tc fgUnksLrkuh x.kjkT; ds lafo/kku dks viuk;k x;k Fkk] rks ml lafo/kku dks cukus okyh lafo/kku lHkk dk gh pquko lkEçnkf;d fuokZpu {ks=ksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k Fkk] vkSj ;g pquko crkZuoh cLrhokfn;ksa dh ns[kjs[k esa fd;k x;k FkkA
fgUnksLrkuh ljek;nkjksa dh eq[; ikfVZ;ka] Hkktik vkSj dakxzsl ikVhZ] mUgha cLrhoknh rjhdksa vkSj cLrhoknh lksp ds lkFk dke djrh gSaA os lkEçnkf;drk vkSj /keZfujis{krk ds mUgha rjhdksa dk bLrseky djds yksxksa dks ckaVrh gSaA ;g le>k tk ldrk gS fd Hkktik vkSj dkaxzsl ikVhZ crkZuoh cLrhokfn;ksa ds fn[kk;s x;s jkLrs ij py jgh gSaA ;g LokHkkfod gS D;ksafd fgUnksLrku dk ljek;nkj oxZ ,d xn~nkj oxZ gS] tks cLrhokfn;ksa dh N=Nk;k esa iyk o fodflr gqvk] tks cLrhokfn;ksa ds lkFk le>kSrk djds lRrk esa vk;kA bl ljek;nkj oxZ us ml le; ls ysdj vkt rd] cLrhoknh fojklr dks cuk;s j[kk gS] cpk dj j[kk gSA ij ;g le>uk o ekuuk cgqr eqf'dy gS] fd tks vius vki dks dE;qfuLV vkSj ekDlZoknh dgykrs gSa] tks yky >aMk Qgjkrs gSa vkSj viuh Nkrh ij gFkkSM+k&nafr;k yxkdj ?kwers gSa] os Hkh crkZuoh cLrhoknh ljek;nkjksa ds vtsaMk ds vuqlkj py jgs gSa!
/keZfujis{krk dh Q+ylQk ds vuqlkj pyus okys yksx }a}oknh HkkSfrdokn dh lksp ls gV jgs gSaA os ;g vkn'kZoknh fopkj QSyk jgs gSa fd balkuksa dh ftanxh ls /keZ ds çHkko dks feVkus ds fy;s Kku vkSj foKku gh dkQh gSA ysfdu ekDlZokn dk foKku ;g lkfcr djrk gS fd /keZ ds çHkko dks feVkus ds fy;s lkekftd badykc dh t:jr gSA vkt flQZ loZgkjk badykc gh lekt esa 'kks"k.k&neu dh mu gkyrksa dks [kRe dj ldrk gS] ftuds pyrs gq;s yksx /keZ] Hkxoku] [kqnk] Þvxyh nqfu;kÞ] Þvxyk tUeÞ] vkfn esa fo'okl djus dks etcwj gksrs gSaA bl rjg] vkt /keZfujis{krk ij pyus okys ekDlZokn ls iwjh rjg gV jgs gSa vkSj badykc dh t:jr dks badkj dj jgs gSaA
ysfuu us bl ckr ij tksj fn;k Fkk fd Þ------fdlh Hkh gkyr esa gesa ;g xyrh ugha djuh pkfg;s] /keZ ds loky dks vyx ls] vkn'kZoknh rjhds ls] Þcqf)thohÞ lksp ds loky ds :i esa] oxZ la?k"kZ ls vyx djds ugha mBkuk pkfg;s] tSlk fd ljek;nkj ds chp esa ls dqN dV~Vj&yksdra=oknh vDlj djrs gSaA dksbZ cq)w gh ,slk lksp ldrk gS fd ,sls lekt esa] tgka esgurd'kksa ij yxkrkj vR;kpkj gksrk jgrk gS] ogka flQZ çpkj djus ls gh /kkfeZd lksp&fopkj nwj gks tk;saxsA ;g ljek;nkjksa dk rax ut+fj;k okyk lksp gksxk] vxj ge ;g Hkwy tk;asa fd /keZ dk cks>] tks ekuotkfr ij bruk Hkkjh iM+rk gS] og lekt esa vkfFkZd cks> dh iSnkb'k vkSj >yd gh gSA pkgs ge fdrus Hkh ipsZ ckaVs ;k çpkj djsa] loZgkjk dks ;g Kku ugha fnyk ldrs] tc rd loZgkjk [kqn iwathoknh 'kks"k.k ds f[kykQ vius la?k"kZ ls ;g Kku ugha ikrkA /kjrh ij LoxZ cukus ds fy;s 'kksf"kr&ihfM+r oxZ ds bl badykch la?k"kZ esa ,drk gekjs fy;s T;knk egRo j[krk gS] u fd fdlh ijyksd esa LoxZ cukus ij loZgkjk er dh ,drkÞA ¼lks'kfyT+e ,aM fjfytu] ysfuu dh jpuk;sa] xazFk 10½
tks yksx ;g dg jgs gSa fd /keZfujis{krk vkSj lkEçnkf;drk ds chp la?k"kZ gh etnwj&fdlku dk eq[; vkSj QkSjh la?k"kZ gS] os Bhd ogh xyrh dj jgs gSa ftldk ftØ ysfuu us fd;kA /keZ ds loky dks etnwj oxZ ds la?k"kZ ls vyx djds] ,d Þcqf)thohÞ lksp ds :i esa is'k djds] os etnwj oxZ dh jktuhfrd ,drk dk jkLrk jksd jgs gSaA
iwathokn vkSj fgUnksLrkuh lekt esa tks Hkh dqN fiNM+k gS] lkEçnkf;drk] e/;dkyhu lksp&fjokt+] tkfr çFkk] vkfn lc etnwj&esgurd'k ds badykch la?k"kZ ds tfj;s gh [kRe gksxkA etnwj&esgurd'k ds bl badykch la?k"kZ ds jkLrs esa ;g xyr lksp] fd fgUnksLrkuh jkT; /keZfujis{k gS] ,d :dkoV gSA ;g etnwjksa vkSj 'kksf"krksa esa ;g Hkze QSykrk gS fd etnwj&esgurd'k lkEçnkf;drk] tkfroknh 'kks"k.k] vkfn ls eqfDr ikus ds fy;s fgUnksLrkuh jkT; ij fuHkZj gks ldrs gSaA
;g lkezkT;okfn;ksa vkSj ljek;nkjksa dk dguk gS fd eq[; la?k"kZ lkEçnkf;drk vkSj /keZfujis{krk ds chp gSA ij blh ckr dks nksgjkdj] dE;qfuLV vkanksyu esa os yksx tks ljek;nkj oxZ ls le>kSrk djuk pkgrs gSa] os yM+kdw rkdrksa ds chp fujk'kk QSyk jgs gSaA os etnwj&esgurd'kksa ls dg jgs gSa fd [kqn vius gh vanj lkEçnkf;d ruko dh otg dks ryk'kks] lkEçnkf;drk dh vlyh otg] ljek;nkjh gqdwer vkSj mldk lk/ku] fgUnksLrkuh jkT;] ml ij /;ku u nksA
iwathokn vkSj ljek;nkjksa ds f[kykQ] lkekftd ifjorZu ds fy;s etnwj&esgurd'k&fdlku tks la?k"kZ dj jgs gSa] mlh dk ,d fgLlk gS lkEçnkf;drk vkSj lkEçnkf;d fgalk ds f[kykQ la?k"kZA dE;qfuLVksa dk dke gS etnwj&esgurd'kksa dks ;g ckr le>kuk] ;g le>kuk fd ;g gqDejku ljek;nkj gh gS tks etnwjksa vkSj lHkh 'kksf"kr&ihfM+r yksxksa ds la?k"kksZa dks [kwu esa cgkus ds bjkns ls] lkEçnkf;drk vkSj lkEçnkf;d fgalk dk bLrseky djrs gSaA os tks etnwj&fdlku ls dg jgs gSa fd gesa fgUnksLrkuh jkT; dh /keZfujis{k cqfu;knksa dh fgQkt+r djuh pkfg;s] os mYVh fn'kk esa dke dj jgs gSaA lkEçnkf;drk vkSj lkEçnkf;d fgalk dh vlyh tM+ dgka gS] mls le>us ls os etnwj oxZ dks jksd jgs gSaA
lkEçnkf;drk ds f[kykQ la?k"kZ dks ,d vyx la?k"kZ crkdj] 'kks"k.k&neu ls eqfDr ds fy;s la?k"kZ ls mls vyx djds] /keZfujis{k ekspsZ dh fgek;r djus okys] loZgkjk ds oxZ la?k"kZ esa :dkoV cu jgs gSaA os ljek;nkjksa ds fgrksa dh fgQkt+r dj jgs gSaA lkEçnkf;drk vkSj lkEçnkf;d fgalk ds f[kykQ yksxksa dk tks xqLlk vkSj fojks/k gS] mls ;s yksx Hkktik dks lRrk ls gVkdj mldh txg ij dkaxzsl ikVhZ dks fcBkus ds dke ds fy;s bLrseky djuk pkgrs gSa] rkfd ljek;nkjksa dh ;gh O;oLFkk vkSj dk;ZØe pyrs jgsaA etnwj oxZ vkanksyu dks vius Lora= dk;ZØe] vius [kqn ds badykch bjknksa ls bl rjg xqejkg djds] ;s yksx lkezkT;okn vkSj fgUnksLrku ds ljek;nkjksa dh j.kuhfr dh gh fgek;r dj jgs gSaA
fgUnksLrkuh jkT; ljek;nkj oxZ dh gqdwer dk lk/ku gSA ;g dbZ laLFkkuksa dk isphnk esy gSA bu laLFkkuksa ds tfj;s etnwj oxZ vkSj nwljs esgurd'kksa dks nck;k tkrk gS] jktuhfrd lÙkk ls nwj j[kk tkrk gSA ;g iwathokn ds fodkl vkSj fgUnksLrku dh tehu vkSj Je dh ywV&[kLkkSV dks enn nsus dk lk/ku gSA ;g lkEiznkf;drk] fir`lÙkk vkSj lkearh laca/kksa] e/;dkyhu vkSj csgn fiNM+s rjhds ds vR;kpkj] vkfn dks cjdjkj j[kus dk lk/ku gSA ;g fgUnksLrkuh lekt esa lkEiznkf;d vkSj tkfroknh caVokjs dks cuk;s j[kus dk eq[; lk/ku gSA
fgUnksLrku dh bl dsfUnzr jkT; lÙkk dh uhao crkZuoh cLrhokfn;ksa us Mkyh FkhA os fgUnksLrku ij dCt+k djus vkSj mldh ywV&[klkSV djus ds vius [kqnxtZ bjknksa dks gkfly djuk pkgrs FksA VkVk&fcjyk tSls cM+s iwathoknh ?kjkuksa dh vxqokbZ esa fgUnksLrku dk ljek;nkj oxZ vkSj tehUnkj oxZ] bu nksuksa dks cLrhokfn;ksa us iSnk fd;kA bl jkT; dks 1947 esa bu oxksZa ds gh gkFkksa esa lkSaik x;kA lekt ds bu xÌkj rcdksa us cLrhoknh jkT; dh uhao dks cjdjkj j[kkA bl uhao ds Åij bUgksaus uqek;anksa okys yksdra= dh jktuhfrd izfØ;k dh LFkkiuk dh] tks fd crkZuoh ßosLVfeuLVj ekWMyÞ dh udy gh FkhA ß'kkfUr] lqO;oLFkk] vPNh ljdkjÞ] ;s tks ;wjksih; ljek;nkjksa ds vlwy vkSj ewY; Fks] bUgsa gh vkt+kn fgUnksLrku esa yksdra= dh dlkSVh ekuk x;kA 1950 esa lafo/kku cukdj] fgUnksLrku ds ljek;nkjksa us lHkh izkS<+ iq#"kksa vkSj fL=;ksa dks oksV Mkyus dk vf/kdkj fn;kA ij lkFk gh lkFk] tkfr vkSj /keZ ds vk/kkj ij oksV Mkyus okyksa dk caVokjk dk;e j[kk x;kA
uqek;anksa okys yksdra= dk edln gS esgurd'kksa dks lÙkk ls ckgj j[kuk vkSj ljek;nkjksa ds vyx&vyx rcdksa dks vkil esa jkT; lÙkk ckaVus esa ;ksxnku nsukA ;g jktuhfrd izfØ;k ;wjksi ls yk;s x;s iqjkus jktuhfrd fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gSA bl jktuhfrd izfØ;k ds tfj;s iwjs fgUnksLrkuh lekt ij ,d 'kks"k.k djus okys vYila[;d ny dh euekuh dh gqdwer dks Fkksik x;k vkSj tk;t+ Bgjk;k x;kA turk ds 'kks"k.k vkSj ywV ls izkIr /ku dk fdruk fgLlk fdl dks feysxk] ml ij 'kks"kdksa ds chp vkilh >xM+ksa dks Hkh gy djus dk lk/ku ;gh jktuhfrd izfØ;k cuhA
jLeh vkt+knh ds ckn ds 55 lkyksa dk vuqHko ;g fn[kkrk gS fd pkgs usg: ds ßlektoknh uewus ds lektÞ ds nkSjku gks] ;k mnkjhdj.k&futhdj.k ds tfj;s oS'ohdj.k ds vkt ds nkSj esa gks] fgUnksLrkuh jkT;] mldh uhfr;ksa vkSj iap o"khZ; ;kstukvksa ls Qk;nk flQZ ljek;nkjksa dks gh gqvk gSA m|ksx] Ñf"k vkSj lsok {ks= esa iwathokn ds fodkl dks vkSj QSykus ds fy;s gh jkT; us gLr{ksi fd;k gSA ljek;nkj oxZ ds vanj] cM+s btkjsnkj iwathifr;ksa us viuk vlj vkSj viuk vge~ LFkku cuk;s j[kk gS vkSj c<+k;k gSA lkFk gh lkFk] nqfu;k dh cgqjkf"Vªd daifu;ksa vkSj oYMZ cSad] ,f'k;u MsosyiesaV cSad vkfn tSls varjkZ"Vªh; foÙk laLFkkuksa us Hkh viuk ncko c<+k;k gSA
vkt+knh ds ckn] igys rhu n'kdksa esa] fgUnksLrku ds ljek;nkjksa us vk/kqfud m|ksx] bLikr IykaV] rsy'kks/kd dkj[kkuksa] vk/kqfud QkSt vkfn ds t:jh <kaps dks cukus ds fy;s fgUnksLrkuh jkT; dk bLrseky fd;kA Åaps VSDl] M~;wVh vkfn tkjh fd;s x;s rkfd fgUnksLrku ds cktkj ds vyx&vyx {ks=ksa ij fgUnksLrkuh ljek;nkjksa dk gh cksyckyk cuk jgsA iwjh turk ls Hkkjh VSDl olwyk x;k] eqnzkLQhfr ds tfj;s turk dks ywVk x;kA jktdh; {ks= esa ßvFkZO;oLFkk dh Åaph ls Åaph pksfV;ksaÞ rd igqapus ds fy;s tks iwathfuos'k t:jh Fkk] mlds fy;s ?kjsyw cSadksa vkSj oYMZ cSad tSls lkezkT;oknh laLFkkuksa ls Hkkjh m/kkj fy;k x;kA cSadksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;k x;k vkSj nsgkrksa esa cSadksa dks QSyk;k x;kA bu lkjs rjhdksa ls iwjh vkcknh dh cpr ds iSls dks bdëk fd;k x;k vkSj mls foÙk iwath ds :i esa VkVk&fcjyk tSls btkjsnkj ?kjkuksa dks lkSai fn;k x;kA
ljek;nkj bl bykds esa ,d cM+h vkS|ksfxd vkSj QkSth rkdr cuuk pkgrs FksA muds bl ealwcs dks iwjk djus ds fy;s turk dks [kwc pwlk x;kA vkSj bls turk ds lkeus ßlektoknh uewus dk lektÞ crkdj is'k fd;k x;kA jkT; ij btkjsnkj daifu;ka gkoh gks xbZaA blfy;s jktdh; {ks= ds foLrkj gksus ls vkfFkZd rkdr dk dqN gh gkFkksa esa lhfer jguk] ;g de ugha gqvk] tSlk fd nkok fd;k x;k FkkA cfYd] blds ctk;] jkT; dh btkjsnkjh ls cM+s ljek;nkj vkSj cM+s gq;s] vius gkFkksa esa vkSj T;knk vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd rkdr gkfly dj ik;sA
iwathokn ds fodkl ls ns'k Hkj esa vyx&vyx izkUrksa ds ljek;nkj ny iui jgs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk] ckt+kj vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk ij fgUnksLrkuh vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; foÙk iwath dk cksyckyk cgqr c<+ x;k gSA lkezkT;okfn;ksa dk ?kqluk Hkh c<+ x;k gSA cgqjkf"Vªd daifu;ka Ñf"k m|ksx esa] Ñf"k dh t:jh lkefxz;ksa esa] rFkk Ñf"k mRiknksa ds cktkj esa rsth ls ?kql jgh gSaA fgUnksLrkuh jkT;] ns'kh vkSj fons'kh iwath }kjk bl feyh&tqyh ywV dh fgQkt+r djrk gS] blesa enn djrk gSA cs'kd ;g igys ls gksrk jgk gS ij brus lh/ks vkSj [kqys :i ls ughaA tcls fgUnksLrku fo'o O;kikj laxBu esa nkf[ky gqvk gS vkSj futhdj.k&mnkjhdj.k ds uqL[kksa dks viuk fy;k gS] rc ls ;g lc [kqysvke gks jgk gSA
ßlektoknh uewus dk lektÞ turk dks jksth&jksVh dh lqj{kk ugha fnyk ik;kA bl ij esgurd'kksa dk xqLlk tSls&tSls c<+rk x;k] oSls&oSls ljek;nkjksa us dguk 'kq# dj fn;k fd ßeqDr ckt+kj ds lq/kkjksaÞ ls ;g leL;k gy gks tk;sxhsA ljek;nkj ;g nkok djrs gSa fd bu lq/kkjksa ls btkjsnkjh ij yxke yxsxk vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk esa Li/kkZ c<+sxhA ;g izpkj 80 ds n'kd ds chp ls vkSj [kkl rkSj ij 1991 ls tksj&'kksj ls gks jgk gSA
fiNys nl ls T;knk lkyksa ls] mnkjhdj.k&futhdj.k dh uhfr;ksa ds lkFk gekjk tks vuqHko jgk gS] mlls ;g lkQ fn[krk gS fd bu uhfr;ksa dk vlyh edln lcls cM+h btkjsnkj daifu;ksa vkSj foÙk iwathifr;ksa ds equkQs c<+kuk gSA pkj n'kdksa rd btkjsnkj iwathifr;ksa us jkT; ds iwathfuos'k dk foLrkj djds vkSj fgUnksLrkuh ckt+kj dks vius fy;s lqjf{kr j[kdj] [kwc eksVs iSls dek;sA vc os fgUnksLrku dh tehu vkSj Je ds 'kks"k.k vkSj ywV dks vkSj c<+kdj] igys ls Hkh T;knk nkSyr dekuk pkgrs gSaA fons'kh cktkjksa esa fgUnksLrkuh iwathfuos'k ds cnys esa mUgksaus ns'k ds cktkj dks fons'kh daifu;ksa ds fy;s [kksy fn;k gSA btkjsnkj ljek;nkj vk/kkjHkwr <kaps ds vk/kqfudhdj.k djus ds fy;s iwathfuos'k tqVkus ds lLrs lzksrksa dh ryk'k esa gSaA bl ryk'k esa ljek;nkjksa us fons'kh cSadksa vkSj E;wpqosy QaM ds fy;s njokts [kksy fn;s gSaA os jkT; ds mRiknd lalk/kuksa dks dkSfM+;ksa ds eksy [kjhn jgs gSaA bldk vatke esgurd'k turk dks Hkqxruk iM+ jgk gSA os T;knk ls T;knk VSDl olwy dj esgurd'kksa dks ywV jgs gSaA os lkoZtfud lkefxz;ksa vkSj lsokvksa ds fy;s btkjsnkj daifu;ksa dh Åaph dher ekax jgs gSa] tSls fd ikuh] fctyh] f'k{kk] LokLF; lsok] vkfn ds fy;sA
fdlh Hkh gkyr esa T;knk ls T;knk equkQk nj gkfly djus dh btkjsnkj iwathifr;ksa dh ykyp vkSj iwathokn ds vkfFkZd ladV dh otg ls fgUnksLrkuh lekt esa vlqj{kk cgqr QSy jgh gSA yk[kksa&yk[kksa fdlkuksa vkSj nsgkrh xjhcksa dks Hkq[kejh dk f'kdkj cuk;k tk jgk gS] [kqndq'kh djus dks etcwj fd;k tk jgk gSA flQZ esgurd'kksa ds fy;s gh ugha] tk;nkn okys oxksZa ds dqN rcdksa esa Hkh vlqj{kk c<+rh tk jgh gSA tk;nkn okys oxksZa ds mu lHkh rcdksa dks vc bl O;oLFkk ds vUnj 'kkfey ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftUgsa igys 'kkfey fd;k tkrk FkkA bl rjg] ljek;nkjksa ds vkil esa lÙkk ckaVus dh tks vc rd O;oLFkk py jgh Fkh] og Hkh vkt ?kksj ladV esa gSA
jktuhfrd ladV dh >yd ljdkj ds ladV esa fn[krh gSA bu fnuksa cM+h rsth ls u;h&u;h xBca/ku ljdkjsa curh vkSj fxjrh tk jgh gSaA ljek;nkjksa dk QkSjh jktuhfrd edln gS viuh gqdwer dks LFkk;h djuk vkSj vius equkQksa dks cpk;s j[krs gq;s] ladV ls cp fudyukA bl [kqnxtZ edln dks gkfly djus ds fy;s os dksbZ Hkh rjhdk viukus dks rS;kj gSa] pkgs og fdruk vijk/kh vkSj csjge rjhdk D;ksa u gksA os lkEiznkf;d vkSj Qk'khoknh fgalk vkSj vUrj&lkezkT;oknh tax NsM+us dks Hkh rS;kj gSaA bl tax vkSj Qk'khokn ds [krjs dks [kRe djus ds fy;s badykc vkt oDr dh ekax gSA
ljek;nkjh gqdwer ds jktuhfrd ladV esa etnwj oxZ dks loZgkjk badykc dk jkLrk fudkyus dk ekSdk feyrk gSA fgUnksLrkuh lekt ds vkt ds lcrjQk ladV dks esgurd'kksa ds i{k esa gy djus ds fy;s badykc gh ,dek= jkLrk gSA ns'k ds reke esgurd'k fdlkuksa dks 'kks"k.k] xjhch vkSj mRihM+u ds va/kdkj Hkfo"; ls eqDr djokus dh ;g t:jh 'krZ gSA fgUnksLrku vkSj iwjs nf{k.k ,f'k;k dks rckgdkjh lkezkT;oknh tax vkSj fons'kh dCt+s ls cpkus dk ;gh ,d rjhdk gSA d'ehjh] ukxk] ef.kiqjh vkSj nwljh jk"Vªh;rkvksa ds yksxksa ds jk"Vªh; vR;kpkj dks [kRe djus dk ;gh ,d rjhdk gSA lkEiznkf;drk vkSj lkEiznkf;d fgalk] efgykvksa vkSj nfyrksa ij vR;kpkj] bUgsa ges'kk ds fy;s [kRe djus dk ;gh ,d rjhdk gSA
ekDlZokn dk foKku gesa fl[kkrk gS fd yksdra= ,d oxZ lacaf/kr loky gSA tc iwathokn p<+ko ij Fkk] rc ljek;nkj ,d izxfr'khy oxZ FkkA ml le; ljek;nkj lekt ds gj lnL; dh viuh futh lEifÙk ds gd ds fy;s] tehu dh fcØh ij ikcafn;ksa dks jÌ djus ds fy;s] tUe ij vk/kkfjr fo'ks"k vf/kdkjksa dks jÌ djus ds fy;s yM+ jgk FkkA futh lEifÙk ds vf/kdkjksa ij vk/kkfjr] eqDr Li/kkZ ds fy;s la?k"kZ ml le; lekt dh izxfr dk jkLrk [kksyus dk la?k"kZ FkkA cM+s iSekus ij m|ksx fodflr djus ds fy;s og la?k"kZ ljek;nkjksa ds fy;s t:jh FkkA
;wjksi ds ljek;nkjh yksdrkaf=d badykcksa us ;g ,syku dj fn;k fd vc ls lekt ds lnL;ksa ds chp xSj&cjkcjh flQZ] fdlds ikl fdruh iwath gS] mlh ds eqrkfcd gksxhA ljek;nkjh yksdra= ds fy;s bl la?k"kZ dh otg ls iwath eq[; rkdr cu xbZ vkSj ljek;nkj lekt dk vxqok oxZ cu x;kA ljek;nkj oxZ us vius uqek;anksa dh ,d O;oLFkk cukbZ] tks dkuwu dh utjksa esa ljek;nkjksa dh cjkcjh vkSj eqDr Li/kkZ dh ekU;rk ij vk/kkfjr FkhA
vkt iwathokn btkjsnkj iwathokn ds lcls Åaps Lrj rd c<+ x;k gS] ;kfu lkezkT;okn rd c<+ x;k gSA vc ljek;nkj oxZ ,d csgn izfrfØ;koknh vkSj yksdra=&fojks/kh rkdr cu x;k gSA og thou ds gj {ks= ij viuk jkSc vkSj fu;a=.k tekuk pkgrk gSA vkt futh lEifÙk bdëk djus dk vf/kdkj lekt ds fodkl ds jkLrs esa lcls cM+h #dkoV cu xbZ gS] balkuksa vkSj tuleqnk;ksa ds gdksa dks gkfly djus ds jkLrs esa lcls cM+h :dkoV cu xbZ gSA etnwjksa] fdlkuksa] jk"Vªksa vkSj jk"Vªh;rkvksa ds gdksa dks gkfly djus ds jkLrs esa cM+h #dkoV cu xbZ gSA ljek;nkjh yksdra= vc ,d izxfr'khy ;k yksdrkaf=d rkdr ugha jg x;k gSA og lkekftd izxfr ds fy;s #dkoV cu x;k gSA
2001 esa tks lcls gky dh tux.kuk gqbZ Fkh] mlesa ;g fn[krk gS fd etnwj oxZ] ftlds ikl viuh Je 'kfDr ds vykok dksbZ vkSj tk;nkn ugha gS] og vk/kh vkcknh ls T;knk gSA etnwj oxZ fgUnksLrkuh lekt esa lcls cM+h la[;k okyk oxZ gS] fQj fdlku oxZ gSA bu nksuksa esgurd'k oxksaZ dks feykdj] 90 izfr'kr vkcknh curh gSA ;g esgurd'k cgqla[;k vius gdksa dh ekax dj jgh gSA ;gh vkt fgUnksLrku esa eq[; yksdra= dk la?k"kZ gSA
flQZ etnwj oxZ gh lekt ds bl Lrj ij] yksdrkaf=d rCnhyh dks iwjk djus dk la?k"kZ] lHkh izdkj ds fiNM+s] balkfu;r dh csbT+trh djus okys fjoktksa ls eqfDr ikus dk la?k"kZ vkxs ys tk ldrk gSA etnwj oxZ lkekftd tk;nkn ij vk/kkfjr u;s lekt ds fy;s yM+dj lkekftd izxfr dk }kj [kksysxkA
vkt lekt esa futh tk;nkn okys esgur djus okyksa ls T;knk Åaps ekus tkrs gSaA bl lekt esa ;g tkfgj gS fd tk;nkn okys oxZ esgurd'kksa ds gdksa dks nck;saxsA ijUrq lektoknh lekt lkekftd tk;nkn ij vk/kkfjr gSA mlesa balku dh esgur dks lHkh nwljh oLrqvksa ls T;knk egRo fn;k tkrk gSA vkt lekt ftl Lrj ij gS] blesa flQZ ,slh lektoknh O;oLFkk gh balkuksa ds gdksa dks iwjh rjg ekU;rk fnyk ldrh gSA
egku~ vDrwcj lektoknh badykc us vk/kqfud lekt ds vUnj esgurd'kksa ds O;fDrxr vkSj lkewfgd gdksa dks gkfly djus dk jkLrk fn[kyk;k FkkA lektokn ds izFke nkSj esa] vke yksdra= dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA blesa lHkh esgurd'kksa ds gdksa dks ekU;rk vkSj xkjaVh nh xbZ FkhA balku yk;d gkyrksa esa dke djus vkSj thus dk vf/kdkj Hkh buesa 'kkfey FkkA lksfo;r la?k ds vanj gj jk"Vª ds yksxksa dks ;g gd fn;k x;k Fkk fd os viuh tqcku esa ljdkjh dke&dkt dj ldrs Fks vkSj fdlh Hkh le; lksfo;r la?k ls vyx gks ldrs FksA ukxfjdksa ds gdksa dks muds oxZ ds vuqlkj ekU;rk nh tkrh FkhA badykc ls igys ftu tk;nkn okys oxksZa dks lkjs gd izkIr Fks] muls os lkjs gd Nhus x;s FksA
tc lektokn ds vkfFkZd vk/kkj dks LFkkfir dj fn;k x;k Fkk] tc iwathokn vkSj 'kks"kd oxksZa dks lksfo;r lekt ls feVk fn;k x;k Fkk] rc gdksa dh ifjHkk"kk vkSj ekU;rk dks vkSj foLr`r djus dh leL;k vkxs vk;hA rc ;g t:jh gks x;k fd gdksa dks oxZ ds vk/kkj ij ugha cfYd balkfu;r ds vk/kkj ij ekU;rk nh tk;sA lekt ds gj lnL; dks balku gksus ds ukrs ekuo vf/kdkj fnyokus FksA 1936 dk lafo/kku ,slk djus dk vk/kkj cukA ijUrq og flQZ dkxt+ ij gh jg x;k D;ksafd Øq'psookfn;ksa us lksfo;r la?k dh fn'kk cny nh] dE;qfuLV ikVhZ vkSj lksfo;r jkT; ds oxZ Lo:i dks cny fn;kA
vDrwcj badykc ds ckn ds bl nkSj esa tc yksxksa ds gdksa ij brus geys gks jgs gSa] rks dE;qfuLVksa dk D;k dke gksuk pkfg;s\ yksdra= vkSj gdksa dh ifjHkk"kk ij dE;qfuLVksa dks lcls vkxs gksuk gksxkA gdksa dks ekU;rk fnykus ds eqÌs ij vkt lekt esa tks lcls Åaph le> gS] mlds vuqlkj gesa viuk rdZ is'k djuk gksxkA gesa ;g dguk gksxk fd 1936 ds lksfo;r lafo/kku ls igys dh dksbZ le> gesa eatwj ugha gSA vc rd gdksa ds ckjs esa tks lcls Åaph le> ekuh tkrh gS] ogh gesa eatwj gSA ogha ls 'kq# gksdj gesa vkxs c<+uk gksxkA
fgUnksLrku ds 1950 ds lafo/kku ds vuqlkj] laizHkqrk ;k lcls Åaph rkdr] dkuwuh rkSj ij] jk"Vªifr ds gkFkksa esa gSA jk"Vªifr iz/kku ea=h dh vxqokbZ esa dSfcusV ;k ea=h eaMy dh lykg ds vuqlkj dke djus dks ck/; gSA bl rjg ds cqfu;knh <+kaps esa QSlys ysus dh rkdr dks ,d gqDejku xqV ds gkFkksa esa dsafnzr dj fn;k x;k gSA bl xqV dh vxqokbZ iz/kku ea=h djrs gSa vkSj bls ljek;nkjksa dh gqDejku ikVhZ ;k xBca/ku ukekafdr djrk gSA
bl O;oLFkk dks cnydj etnwj oxZ dks jkT; lÙkk dk ,d u;k <kapk cukus ds fy;s yM+uk gksxkA ;g <kapk yksdrkaf=d dsUnzh;okn ds vlwyksa ij vk/kkfjr gksxkA dk;Zdkjh ny dks oS/kkfud ny ds v/khu gksuk gksxk] vkSj oS/kkfud ny dks iwjh turk ds v/khu gksuk gksxkA
gqDejku xBca/ku vkSj lalnh; foi{k] nksuksa ds ljek;nkj ;g nkok djrs gSa fd fgUnksLrkuh yksdra= vkSj mldh jktuhfrd izfØ;k dks lq/kkjuk t:jh gS] ijUrq ekStwns <kaps ds vUnj gh] vkSj 1950 ds lafo/kku ds ßcqfu;knh <kapsÞ dks fcxkM+s fcukA ;kfu fd] os orZeku jkT; vkSj jktuhfrd izfØ;k dks cjdjkj j[kuk pkgrs gSa] ftlesa etnwj&fdlku dks jkT; lÙkk ls nwj j[kk tkrk gSA
orZeku jkT; vkSj uqek;anksa ds yksdra= dh jktuhfrd izfØ;k dks cjdjkj j[kus ls etnwj&fdlku dks dksbZ Qk;nk ugha gSA etnwj&fdlku dh leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds fy;s jkT; vkSj jktuhfrd izfØ;k dks uhao ls ysdj Åij rd iwjh rjg cny Mkyuk gksxk] u;k :i fnykuk gksxkA orZeku fgUnksLrkuh lekt dh mRiknd rkdrksa] etnwjksa] fdlkuksa] vkSjrksa vkSj tokuksa] dks cLrhoknh vkSj lkEiznkf;d uhao dh txg ij ,d vk/kqfud uhao Mkyuh gksxhA bl loZgkjk badykc ds y{; dks gkfly djus ds fy;s QkSjh dke gS fgUnksLrku ds yksdrkaf=d uofuekZ.k ds dk;ZØe ds bnZ jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd rkdrksa dk xBca/ku cukuk] ljek;nkjksa ds fcuk vkSj ljek;nkjksa ds f[kykQ+A
Hkktik ds usrk ;g nkok djrs gSa fd os izkphu fgUnksLrkuh lksp&fopkj ds okfjl gSaA os dgrs gSa fd fgUnksLrkuh ewY;ksa ds vuqlkj] flQZ esgurd'kksa dk gh vius ns'k ds izfr QtZ+ gksuk pkfg;sA blds vuqlkj] etnwj&fdlku ds vius gdksa ds fy;s lHkh la?k"kZ ßfgUnksLrkuh ewY;ksaÞ ds f[kykQ+ gSaA blds vykok] fgUnksLrkuh jkT; ds dkuwuh fdrkcksa esa tks reke dkys dkuwu gSa] muds vuqlkj ;s la?k"kZ xSj&dkuwuh gSaA nwljh vksj] iawthoknh futh lEifÙk dk gd] nwljksa dk 'kks"k.k djds iwath dekus dk gd] bu gdksa dks ekU;rk nsus ls dkaxzsl ikVhZ ;k Hkktik dks dksbZ ,rjkt+ ugha gSA futhdj.k vkSj mnkjhdj.k ds ;wjksdsafnzr ewY;ksa dks ekU;rk nsus esa mUgsa dksbZ rdyhQ ugha gksrhA ,sfrgkfld rkSj ij tks fgUnksLrkuh ewY; cus gSa] tSls fd f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; lsok fu%'kqYd gksuk pkfg;s] budks ikao rys dqpyus esa mUgsa dksbZ rdyhQ+ ugha gksrhA
fgUnksLrkuh QylQ+k ;k n'kZu 'kkL= ds vuqlkj] gd vkSj Qt+Z dk vkil esa ut+nhdh dk laca/k gSA ,d ds fcuk nwljk ugha gks ldrkA lkFk gh lkFk] lekt ds lanHkZ esa gh gd vkSj QtZ+ ds ckjs esa lkspk tk ldrk gS] gok esa ughaA blfy;s] gd vkSj QtZ+ flQZ fdlh vyx O;fDr ds ugha gksrs cfYd lekt ds fgLlk crkSj O;fDr ds gd vkSj Qt+Z curs gSaA
ßiztkÞ 'kCn dk eryc gS og tks jktk dks tUe nsrk gSA ;g _x osn vkSj ;ktqj osn esa fn;s x;s jktuhfrd fl)kar ds fopkjksa ds vuqlkj gSA izkphu osnksa ds vuqlkj] lHkk] ;k turk dh vke lHkk gh ;g QSlyk djrh Fkh fd dkSu jktk cusxkA jktk dk gd vkSj QtZ viuh iztk dh t:jrsa iwjh djuk ekuk tkrk FkkA vxj jktk vius bl QtZ+ dks iwjk djus esa vleFkZ ik;k tkrk Fkk] rks og jkt djus dk gd [kks nsrk FkkA
tc lekt oxksZa esa caV x;k] rc yksxksa dk ;g pquus dk gd fd dkSu mu ij jkt djsxk] ;g gd iwjk&iwjk udkjk x;kA ;g t:j ekuk tkrk Fkk fd vxj jktk turk dh fgQ+kt+r ugha djrk ;k ugha dj ldrk] rks mls gVkuk turk dk gd gS] rkfd tc Hkh dHkh] gqDejku jktk dks fxjkuk pkgrs Fks rks turk dks vius ihNs ykecan dj ldrs FksA exj u;k jktk dkSu gksxk] ;g pquus dk gd turk dk ugha jgkA ;g Hkxoku dh ethZ ds vuqlkj] dqN fxus&pqus] Åaps tUe ds yksxksa dk gd ekuk tkrk FkkA
crkZuoh cLrhokfn;ksa us ;g fopkj QSyk;k fd fgUnksLrkuh miegk}hi ds yksx [kqn viuk iz'kklu ugha dj ldrs] fd turk dks muds Åij cSBh fdlh rkdr dh t:jr gS tks mudh [kq'kgkyh dh ns[kHkky djsxhA cLrhokfn;ksa us ;g fopkj Hkh QSyk;k fd lHkh fgUnksLrkuh yksx flQZ v/;kfRed gSa] fd osn vkSj vU; izkphu xzUFk flQZ /kkfeZd xzaFk gSaA mUgksaus ;g lksp QSyk;k fd crkZuoh yksx uSfrd rkSj ij fgUnksLrkfu;ksa ls T;knk lw>cw> okys gSa] blfy;s fgUnksLrkfu;ksa ij jkt djuk mudk vf/kdkj gSA bls ß'osr peM+s okys dk cks>Þ crkdj is'k fd;k x;kA HkfDr vkUnksyu ls tks fopkj iSnk gq;s Fks] mUgsa crkZuoh cLrhokfn;ksa us nck;kA HkfDr vkUnksyudkjh] HkDr] ml le; ds mRiknd oxksZa ds uqek;ans FksA mUgksaus vf/kdkj vkSj gd dk >aMk cqyan fd;k Fkk] futh tk;nkn ds vk/kkj ij ugha cfYd ml le; dh mudh gkyrksa ds vk/kkj ijA mUgksaus vius t+ehj ds vuqlkj pyus dk >aMk cqyan fd;k FkkA tSlk fd dchj us dgk Fkk] ßlwjk lks igpkfu;s tks yM+ns nhu ds gsr] iqtkZ&iqtkZ gks ekjs ij dHkwa u NksM+ns [ksrAÞ ¼;kfu] ohj og ekuk tk;s tks xjhcksa ds [kkfrj yM+rk gS vkSj tks VqdMs+&VqdM+s dj fn;s tkus ij Hkh viuk gd ugha NksM+rk gS½A
1857 dh izFke vktknh dh yM+kbZ ds ,d usrk] cgknqj 'kkg t+Qj us ;g ,syku fd;k Fkk fd tc crkZuoh gkfdeksa dks gjk fn;k tk;sxk] rc fgUnksLrku dh turk ds ikl laizHkqrk gksxh( turk ;g QSlyk djsxh fd gqDejku dkSu gksxkA ,slk fopkj izdV djus ds fy;s] lt+k crkSj cLrhokfn;ksa us mUgsa dkjkxkj esa can j[kk vkSj fQj mUgsa ekj Mkyk FkkA
fgUnksLrkuh lekt dk bfrgkl ;g fn[kkrk gS fd QtZ vkSj izHkqlÙkk fdldh gksxh] bu gdksa ds ckjs esa] vkil esa fojks/kh lkspksa ds chp esa] dkQh yack la?k"kZ pyk gSA tks Hkh vkt lekt dh izxfr ds jkLrs ij pyuk pkgrk gS] mls chrs bfrgkl esa ls mu fopkjksa dks vkxs ykuk gksxk tks lcls ikd gSaA ;g fopkj vkxs ykuk gksxk fd turk dh gh laizHkqrk gksuh pkfg;s] fd lHkh jktuhfrd laLFkku turk ds v/khu gksus pkfg;sA tks yksx chrs bfrgkl ls lcls fiNM+h ckrksa dks c<+kok nsuk pkgrs gSa vkSj bl rjg lekt dh izxfr dks jksduk pkgrs gSa] mudk gesa MVdj eqdkcyk djuk gksxkA
van:uh vkSj ckgjh nq'euksa ds f[kykQ+ gekjs yksxksa us lfn;ksa ls tks la?k"kZ yM+s gSa] mudh otg ls ns'k ds etnwj&fdlku esa badykc dh xgjh reUuk gSA vkt fgUnksLrkuh dE;qfuLVksa dks bl badykch fgUnksLrkuh ijaijk ij vk/kkfjr gksuk iM+sxk] u fd /keZfujis{krk tSlh iqjkuh] fons'k ls yh xbZ lksp ij] vkSj u gh ;wjksih; ljek;nkjh yksdra=] mldh lM+h&xyh] iqjkuh ÞvPNh ljdkjÞ cukus ds fnokfy;s fopkjksa ijA fgUnksLrkuh dE;qfuLVksa dks bl [okc esa ugha jguk pkfg;s fd ljek;nkjksa dk dksbZ rcdk vkt yksdra= ds la?k"kZ dks vxqokbZ ns ldrk gSA
ßeSfuQsLVks vkQ+ nh dE;qfuLV ikVhZÞ dks fy[kus ls igys ekDlZ vkSj ,axsYl us teZu QylQ+k] vaxzst jktuhfrd vFkZ'kkL= vkSj Ýsap lektokn dk vkykspukRed <ax ls v/;;u fd;k FkkA gekjs ns'k ds dE;qfuLVksa dks QylQ+k] vFkZ'kkL= vkSj jktuhfr esa tks Hkh fl)kUr lkeus vk;s gSa] mudk vkykspukRed v/;;u djuk gksxk] flQZ ;wjksi vkSj ckdh nqfu;k ds gh ugha cfYd bl miegk}hi ds Hkh] izkphu dky ls vkt rd] rkfd yksdra= dh vk/kqfud fgUnksLrkuh ifjHkk"kk nh tk, vkSj badykc ds fgUnksLrkuh fl)kUr dks fodflr fd;k tk,A
20oha lnh dh 'kq#vkr esa ysfuu us lcls cqfu;knh fu"d"kZ ;g fudkyk Fkk fd iwathokn vius lcls Åaps Lrj] lkezkT;okn] rd igqap x;k gS vkSj lkezkT;okn loZgkjk badykc dh iwoZla/;k gSA ge vkt Hkh lkezkT;okn vkSj loZgkjk badykc ds ;qx esa ls xqt+j jgs gSaA vk/kqfud lekt ds vUnj tks vkil esa fojks/kh /kkjk;sa lekt dks vkt phj jgh gSa] mudk LokHkkfod vkSj rdZlaxr urhtk loZgkjk ØkfUr gSA bu vkil esa fojks/kh /kkjkvksa dk lek/kku fudkyus vkSj ,d u;k lekt] lekt dk vxyk Lrj] iSnk djus dk dke gh ;g loZgkjk badykc gSA
nq[k dh ckr rks ;g gS fd fgUnksLrku ds dE;qfuLV vkUnksyu esa tks yksx vxqok LFkkuksa ij gSa] mUgksaus etnwj oxZ dks badykc ds fl)kUr ls ySl gksus ls jksd j[kk gSA vxj fgUnksLrku esa badykc dks dke;kc gksuk gS] vxj fgUnksLrkuh lekt dks vkxs vkus okys ljek;nkjksa ds u;s&u;s geyksa ls cpkuk gS] rks fgUnksLrku ds dE;qfuLV vkanksyu dks vius bl bfrgkl ls ukrk rksM+uk gksxkA
og chrk bfrgkl D;k gS ftlls fgUnksLrkuh dE;qfuLVksa dks ukrk rksM+uk gksxk\ og bfrgkl gS ljek;nkjksa vkSj dkaxzsl ikVhZ dh iwaN cudj pyus dk jkLrkA fgUnksLrku ds ljek;nkjksa ds chp fdlh ßizxfr'khyÞ rcds dh ryk'k djuk] fQj etnwj oxZ vkUnksyu dks ljek;nkjksa ds bl ;k ml rcds dh iwaN cuk nsuk] ml chrs bfrgkl ls ukrk rksM+uk gksxkA og iwathokn dks lq/kkjus dh dksf'k'k djus dk jkLrk gS] iwathokn dh dcz [kksnus dk ughaA og ßjk"Vªh; ,drk vkSj v[kaMrkÞ dh fgQktr djus ds cgkus fgUnksLrkuh jkT; }kjk vyx&vyx jk"Vªh;rkvksa ds yksxksa ds neu dks eatwjh nsus dk jkLrk gSA og fgUnksLrkuh jkT; dks ßlkQ&lqFkjkÞ djus] ßltkus&laokjusÞ dk jkLrk gS] mls [kRe djus dk ugha] mldh txg ij etnwj&fdlku dk u;k jkT; LFkkfir djus dk ughaA og ;wjksih; ljek;nkjh fl)kUrksa dks jVrs jgus dk jkLrk gS vkSj fgUnksLrkuh badykc ds fl)kUr dks fodflr djus ds dke dh mis{kk dk jkLrk gSA
fgUnksLrkuh badykc dk eq[; jktuhfrd dke ;g gS fd ,d ,sls u;s jkT; dh ifjHkk"kk nh tk;s vkSj mldh LFkkiuk dh tk;s] ftlesa lHkh esgurd'kksa dk lq[k vkSj j{kk lqfuf'pr gksxh vkSj dksbZ ,d O;fDr fdlh nwljs dk 'kks"k.k ugha djsxkA ,slk jkT; LFkkfir djus vkSj mldk fuekZ.k djus dk dke] jkT; vkSj lekt ds lHkh lnL;ksa ds gd vkSj Qt+Z dh ifjHkk"kk nsus okyk u;k lafo/kku cukus dk dke] ;g badykch tuleqnk;] etnwj] fdlku] vkSjr vkSj toku] dk dke gksuk iM+sxkA etnwj oxZ blesa vxqokbZ nsxkA dE;qfuLVksa dk dke gS etnwj oxZ dks vxqokbZ nsuk] rkfd og bl ,sfrgkfld egÙkk ds dke esa dke;kch ik ldsA
tc Hkh ge dE;qfuLV fgUnksLrkuh jkT; ds vkt ds ladV dk eqdkcyk djus vkSj ljek;nkjksa ds geyksa dk eqdkcyk djus ds rkSj&rjhds cukrs gSa] rks gesa badykc vkSj lektokn ds j.kuSfrd y{; dks /;ku esa j[kuk gksxkA gesa ,slh pky pyuh gksxh rkfd ljek;nkjh gqdwer ds orZeku ladV ls Qk;nk mBkdj badykc ds gkykr rS;kj fd;s tk ldsaA
vkt fgUnksLrkuh dE;qfuLVksa dk dke gS etnwj oxZ dh yM+kdw ,drk cukukA ;g ,drk ljek;nkjksa ds dk;ZØe ds f[kykQ+ vkSj etnwj oxZ ds vius fodYi ds dk;ZØe ds vk/kkj ij gksxhA bl rjg etnwj oxZ ns'k dh jktuhfr esa ,d vkt+kn rkdr crkSj vkxs vk ldsxkA etnwj oxZ ds QkSjh dk;ZØe dk edln gS iwathoknh geys dks jksduk vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk dks ubZ fn'kk fnykuk] rkfd lcdks lq[k vkSj lqj{kk feysA jktuhfrd izfØ;k dk iwjk&iwjk uohdj.k djuk] rkfd tuleqnk; ds gkFk esa laizHkqrk gksA fgUnksLrku ds varjkZ"Vªh; laca/kksa dks lekurk] vkilh fgr vkSj lkezkT;okn ds dêj fojks/k ds vk/kkj ij fQj ls LFkkfir djukA
etnwj oxZ ds vius vktkn dk;ZØe ds bnZ mldh ,drk cukus ds fy;s] ;g t:jh gS fd dE;qfuLV ogka&ogka tk;sa tgka&tgka etnwj la?k"kZ dj jgs gSa] vkSj mUgsa badykch fl)kUr vkSj jktuhfr ls ySl djsaA VsªM ;wfu;u vkUnksyu vkSj dE;qfuLV vkUnksyu ds chp tks nhokj [kM+h dh xbZ gS] mls rksM+uk t:jh gSA VsªM ;wfu;uksa dh ehfVaxksa ls jktuhfrd ikfVZ;ksa dks ckgj j[kus ls etnwjksa dks jktuhfrd ppkZ vkSj okn&fookn ds ekSds ls oafpr fd;k tkrk gSA fQj mUgsa pquko ds le; dgk tkrk gS fd dkaxzsl ikVhZ ;k fdlh ß/keZfujis{k ekspsZÞ dks oksV nksA bl rjg] etnwj oxZ ds lcls laxfBr rcdksa dks Hkh ljek;nkjh jktuhfr ds lkFk cka/k dj j[kk tkrk gS] vkSj bl ;k ml ikVhZ ;k xBca/ku dk oksV cSad cuk fn;k tkrk gSA bl ca/ku dks rksM+uk vkt fgUnksLrku ds dE;qfuLVksa dk ,d cgqr t:jh vkSj egRoiw.kZ dke gSA
vxj etnwj oxZ dks ,dtqV gksdj badykc ds jkLrs ij pyuk gS] rks ;g t:jh gS fd mls viuk j.kuSfrd y{; vkSj QkSjh dk;ZØe lkQ&lkQ irk gks] vkSj fgUnksLrkuh jkT; ds ckjs esa mlds eu esa dksbZ Hkze u gksA etnwj oxZ ds vius vktkn dk;ZØe ds bnZ mldh yM+kdw ,drk cukus ds fy;s ;g t:jh gS fd ljek;nkj oxZ ls le>kSrk djus okyksa ds f[kykQ+] lS)kfUrd] fopkj/kkjkRed vkSj jktuhfrd fopkjksa dk VDdj fy;k tk,A bl la?k"kZ ls ,d ikVhZ esa fgUnksLrkuh dE;qfuLVksa dh ,drk dks fQj ls LFkkfir djus dk jkLrk cusxkA
iwathokn dk ?kksj ladV vkSj ljek;nkjksa ds Qk'khoknh geys vkSj lkezkT;oknh ealwcs] bu lc dh otg ls etnwjksa] fdlkuksa] FkksM+s&cgqr vehj fdlkuksa] dqN tk;nkn okys oxksZa] ;kfu cgqr cM+h tuleqnk; ij vlqj{kk dh Nk;k QSyh gqbZ gSA etnwj oxZ dks bl ekSds dk Qk;nk mBkdj] ljek;nkjksa ds geyksa ds f[kykQ+ ,d O;kid jktuhfrd ekspkZ cukuk gksxkA etnwj oxZ dks fdlkuksa] ihfM+r jk"Vªh;rkvksa] vkfnoklh yksxksa] 'kksf"kr&ihfM+r tkfr;ksa] vYila[;dksa] efgykvksa vkSj ukStokuksa ds lkFk ,drk cukuh gksxhA fgUnksLrku ds yksdrkaf=d uohdj.k ds dk;ZØe ds vk/kkj ij ;g ,drk cukuh gksxhA
fnlacj 2000 ds dkuiqj dE;qfuLV dkuQjsal esa ;g ukjk fn;k x;k Fkk ß,d etnwj oxZ] ,d dk;ZØe] ,d dE;qfuLV ikVhZ!Þ etnwj oxZ vkSj mldh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dh ,drk gkfly djus ds fy;s ,d t:jh 'krZ ;g gS fd dE;qfuLV vkUnksyu ds jkLrs esa tks #dkoVsa gSa] muds f[kykQ lHkh badykch dE;qfuLVksa dks [kqysvke o dêj la?k"kZ djuk gksxkA
tc badykc dks Hkkjh uqdlku igqapk;k tk jgk gS] rc badykch dE;qfuLV pqi ugha cSB ldrsA ,slk ugha gks ldrk gS fd ge pqipki cSBs ns[krs jg tk;sa vkSj vius vkidks dE;qfuLV dgykus okys dqN yksx iwathoknh O;oLFkk vkSj ljek;nkjh jkT; dk cpko djsa] etnwjksa dks ßviusÞ ljek;nkjksa vkSj muds lkezkT;oknh ealwcksa dh iwaN cukrs jgsaA gesa etnwj oxZ vkUnksyu ds lHkh dk;ZdrkZvksa] lHkh dE;qfuLVksa ds lkeus [kqydj cgknwjh ls viuh ckr j[kuh pkfg;sA badykc vkSj dE;qfuT+e dk y{; dqN iafMrksa ;k vkUnksyu ds dqN ßtkus&ekus usrkvksaÞ dh futh tk;nkn ugha gSA badykc fgUnksLrku ds etnwjksa] fdlkuksa] vkSjrksa vkSj ukStokuksa dk tUefl) vf/kdkj gSA bl tUefl) vf/kdkj dks ikus ds fy;s] dE;qfuLVksa dk dke gS esgurd'kksa vkSj 'kksf"kr&ihfM+r turk dks izksRlkfgr vkSj laxfBr djukA
var esa] eSa yksd vkokt dks fQj ls c/kkbZ nsuk pkgrk gwa] fd fgUnksLrkuh jkT; vkSj badykc ij ;g xks"Bh vk;ksftr djds] bl le; ;g csgn t:jh igy yh xbZ gSA vkt ;g fgUnksLrkuh dE;qfuLVksa ds lkeus lcls egRoiw.kZ eqÌk gS] ftldk v/;;u djuk gksxk] ftlesa gesa ifjiDo gksuk gksxkA rHkh ge etnwj oxZ ds la?k"kZ dks vxqokbZ ns ldsaxs vkSj fgUnksLrku o nqfu;k esa badykc dh thr dh gkyrsa rS;kj dj ldasxsA
vkt vki lc ds psgjksa ij bruh mRlqdrk] bruk tks'k ns[krs gq;s] eq>s iwjk Hkjkslk feyrk gS fd og fnu nwj ugha gS] tc fgUnksLrku dk etnwj oxZ jktuhfrd eap ij ,d izpaM rwQku dh rjg vkxs vk;sxk] ,d yM+kdw dk;ZØe ds lkFk] ,d dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dh vxqokbZ esa] vkSj lHkh 'kksf"kr&ihfM+r turk mlds lkFk gksxhA nqfu;k esa dksbZ Hkh rkdr mls ugha jksd ik;sxhA fgUnksLrkuh ljek;nkjksa dk gkjuk vkSj fgUnksLrkuh badykc dh thr] ;s nksuksa gh vfuok;Z gSaA esgurd'kksa ds ikl viuh tathjksa ds vykok vkSj dqN [kksus dk ugha gSA ij gekjs lkeus iwjh nqfu;k thrus ds fy;s gSA
lkezkT;okn eqnkZckn! Qk'khokn eqnkZckn!
vkradokn fojks/k ds cgkus izfrfØ;koknh tax eqnkZckn!
fgUnksLrkuh jkT; dh lkaiznkf;drk vkSj /keZfujis{krk eqnkZckn!
gekjs 'kghnksa dh ;knsa vkSj badykch ijaijk;sa vej jgsa!
flQZ dE;qfuT+e gh fgUnksLrku dks cpk ldrk gS!
badykc ftankckn!
Disclaimer: The opinions presented on this website's event and discussion forums are those of readers from around the world and do not necessarily represent the views of CGPI, its members or any affiliated organisations.
Home | About | Statements & Speeches | Documents | People's Voice | Donate | Act Now! | Download
Search powered by